Phoneme Charts

Click on a phoneme in the chart to view ways of representing related sounds. The data reflects a small number of languages submitted by experts.

If you are knowledgeable about the orthography of a language that is not included and would like to contribute data, please contact us.

Languages included:

• Adawama Fulfulde written with Arabic script
• Adawama Fulfulde written with Latin script
• Arabic written with Arabic script
• Asturian written with Latin script
• Bacama written with Latin script
• Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱ written with Latin script
• English written with Latin script
• German written with Latin script
• Hausa written with Latin script
• Iceve-Maci written with Latin script
• Indonesian written with Latin script
• Maldivian written with Thaana script
• Mattokki written with Coptic script
• Mattokki written with Latin script
• Nepali written with Devanagari script
• Pangu written with Latin script
• Russian written with Cyrillic script
• Serer-Sine written with Latin script
• Spanish written with Latin script
• Sudanese Arabic written with Latin script
• Tai Dam written with Tai Viet script
• Tolaki written with Latin script
• Wolof written with Arabic script
• Wolof written with Latin script
• Yala written with Latin script
• Yi written with Latin script
• Yi written with Yiii script

Consonant chart

TYPE		PLACE OF ARTICULATION
		Bilabial	Labiodental	Linguolabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alveolar	Alveo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal		m	ɱ	n̼	n̪	n	ɳ			ɲ	ŋ	ɴ
Stop	-voice	p		t̼	t̪	t	ʈ			c	k	q			ʔ
	+voice	b		d̼	d̪	d	ɖ			ɟ	g
Click		ʘ			ǀ	ǁ		ǃ		ǂ
Affricate	-voice				t̪s	ts	tʂ	tʃ	tɕ	cç
	+voice				d̪z	dz	dʐ	dʒ	dʑ	ʝ
Fricative	-voice	ɸ	f	s̼	θ	s	ʂ   ᶘ	ʃ	ɕ		x	χ	ħ	ʜ	h
	+voice	β	v	z̼	ð	z	ʐ   ᶚ	ʒ	ʑ		ɣ	ʁ	ʕ	ʢ̰	ɦ
Trill						r
Tap/Flag	-voice						ɽ
	+voice	ⱱ̟	ⱱ			ɾ	ɽʱ
Lateral						l	ɭ			ʎ
Approximant		w	ʋ				ɻ			j	ɰ
Null		∅

Vowel chart

HEIGHT	PLACEMENT
	Front/Near-front			Central			Back/Near-back
	-round	+round		-round	+round		-round	+round
Close	i	y		ɨ	ʉ		ɯ	u
Near-close	ɪ	ʏ		ɪ̈	ʊ̈			ʊ
Close-mid	e	ø		ɘ	ɵ		ɤ	o
Mid	e̞	ø̞		ə			ɤ̞	o̞
Open-mid	ɛ	œ		ɜ	ɞ		ʌ	ɔ
Near-open	æ			ɐ
Open	a	ɶ		ä			ɑ	ɒ
Apical	ɿ
Null	∅

Diphthong chart

		STARTING PLACE
		Front/Near-front		Central		Back/Near-back
Toward front	falling	ei ɛi ai		əi		ui oi ʌi ɔi
	rising	je				wi we
Toward near-front	falling	eɪ æɪ aɪ		əɪ		oɪ ɔɪ ɑɪ
	rising	ja				wa
Toward central	falling	ɛə ɪə		ɨə		ʊə
Toward near-back	falling	aʊ		əʊ
Toward back	falling	iu eu ɛu au		əu		ou ʌu ɔu au
	rising	ju jo jɑ				wo wɑ