Graphemes for /g/ and Related Phonemes

Velars

/g/ - voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<g>	guruush ‘money’
ar-Arab	<ج>	مجلتنا ‘our magazine’
ast-Latn	<gu>	pagues ‘you pay’	'gu' is used for [g] before e and i; elsewhere it is [gw]
ast-Latn	<g>	paga ‘he pays’	Sound is often close to /ɣ/
bcy-Latn	<g>	giɓe ‘run’
bec-Latn	<g>	gɔlʉ ‘agree’, ɛgalɛ ‘fence’
de-Latn	<gg>	Bagger ‘excavator’
de-Latn	<g>	Garten ‘garden’, Tag ‘day’	Pronounced [k] when syllable final
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	ލެއްގުން	Occurs before ‹ގ› to indicate a geminate.
dv-Thaa	<ގ>	ގަދަ
en-Latn	<gh>	ghost
en-Latn	<gu>	vague, guess
en-Latn	<g>	girl	Almost always before a, o and u; occasionally before e and i
es-Latn	<gu>	guerra ‘war’	‹gu› is used for /g/ before e and i; elsewhere it is /gw/
es-Latn	<g>	gato ‘cat’	Sound is often close to [ɣ]
fub-Arab	<غ>	غٛوتٜلْ ‘one’, سِغَاغٛ ‘to keep or store’, عٛسٛغِ ‘ He drove (animals)’, غٛ ‘one, or that before’
fub-Latn	<g>	gootel ‘one’, sigaago ‘to keep or store’, o soggi ‘ He drove (animals)’, go ‘one, or that before’
ha-Latn	<g>	gona ‘field’
id-Latn	<g>	gugup ‘nervous’, nganggur ‘unemployed’
ii-Latn	<gg>	ggu ‘nine’
lbw-Latn	<g>	gola ‘sugar’, bage ‘way of doing s.t.’
nat-Latn	<g>	gaba ‘dig’, a̱gungu ‘stick’
ne-Deva	<ग>	गरम ‘warm’
png-Latn	<g>	ga̱bi, gunii
ru-Cyrl	<г>	год ‘year’	Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у› or a voiced consonant
ru-Cyrl	<к>	анекдо́т ‘joke’	Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›)
srr-Arab	<گ>	گُتْ ‘pipe’
srr-Latn	<g>	gut ‘pipe’
wo-Arab	<گ>	گَرَبْ ‘medicine’
wo-Latn	<g>	garab ‘medicine’
xnz-Copt	<ⲅ>
xnz-Latn	<g>
yba-Latn	<g>	oge

/gʰ/ - aspirated voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ne-Deva	<घ>	घाट ‘riverbank’

/gʷ/ - labialized voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bec-Latn	<gw>	ɛgwa ‘uncle’
ha-Latn	<gw>	gwadawa ‘to show’
nat-Latn	<gw>	bigwaba ‘bamboo’, ugwagwa ‘duck’
png-Latn	<gw>	gwatana, gwashe̱

/gʲ/ - palatalized voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<gy>	gyeltə ‘finger’
ha-Latn	<gy>	gyaɗa ‘groundnut’
nat-Latn	<gy>	bugyama ‘servant’, cigya̱ ‘wedding’
png-Latn	<gy>	gyama, gyaaru
ru-Cyrl	<г>	геро́й ‘hero’	Preceding ‹ё, е, и›

/ᵑg/ - prenasalized voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<ng>	ngala ‘pull’
bec-Latn	<ŋg>	ŋgoolu ‘scrape’, ɛyʉŋgʉ ‘honey’, akaŋg ‘head-scarf’
dv-Thaa	<ނގ>	ރަނގަޅު	In older orthographies, not distinguished from a voiced velar stop, and thus written ‹ގ›.
fub-Arab	<نغ>	نغَيْنَاکَ ‘pasture’, يَيْنَنغٛ ‘to shine to’
fub-Latn	<ng>	ngaynaaka ‘pasture’, yaynango ‘to shine to’
ii-Latn	<mg>	mge ‘buckwheat’
lbw-Latn	<ngg>	nggiro'o ‘that’, bunggu ‘back, rear’
png-Latn	<ng>	nge̱nshe̱nshe̱n, runge̱
srr-Arab	<نگ>	نگِمْ ‘faith’, فَنگࣷولْ ‘snake’, رࣹنگّ ‘to nail’	when word final it uses a shadda
srr-Latn	<ng>	ngim ‘faith’, fangool ‘snake’, reng ‘to nail’
wo-Arab	<نگ>	نگَتࣷ ‘peanut cake’
wo-Latn	<ng>	ngato ‘peanut cake’

/ᵑg/ - prenasalized labialized voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bec-Latn	<ŋgw>	ŋgwa ‘hear’, ɛŋgwan ‘mother’

/gː/ - geminate voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
fub-Arab	<غ◌ّ>	عٛسٛغِ ‘ He drove (animals)’
wo-Arab	<گ◌ّ>	بُگَّ ‘to want’
wo-Latn	<gg>	bugga ‘to want’

Double articulations involving /g/ - voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Phoneme	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbel ‘near’
bec-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbeli ‘clear’, ogbologbo ‘dragonfly’
bec-Latn	/ᵑg͡b/	<mgb>	mgbʉwa ‘crash’, kpʉmgbɛlɛ ‘approach’
png-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbangara, gbu

Sequences including /g/ - voiced velar plosive

Writing System	Phoneme Sequence	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ast-Latn	/gw/	<gü>	güe ‘ox’
ii-Yiii	/ge/	<ꈔ>	ꈔꋏ ‘wipe out’
ii-Yiii	/ge/	<ꈕ>
ii-Yiii	/ge/	<ꈖ>
ii-Yiii	/ge̙/	<ꈗ>
ii-Yiii	/ge̙/	<ꈘ>	ꈘ ‘break’
ii-Yiii	/ge̙/	<ꈙ>	ꌗꈙ ‘die’
ii-Yiii	/gä̙/	<ꈚ>	ꌣꈚ ‘wealthy’
ii-Yiii	/gä̙/	<ꈛ>	ꈛꄵ ‘ambush’
ii-Yiii	/gä̙/	<ꈜ>	ꀣꈜ ‘crevice’
ii-Yiii	/gä̙/	<ꈝ>	ꈝꃀ ‘road’
ii-Yiii	/go̙/	<ꈞ>
ii-Yiii	/go̙/	<ꈟ>
ii-Yiii	/go̙/	<ꈠ>	ꈠ ‘harrow’
ii-Yiii	/go̙/	<ꈡ>	ꇃꈡ ‘spade-hoe’
ii-Yiii	/go/	<ꈢ>	ꇴꈢꆹꈢ ‘have neck pain’
ii-Yiii	/go/	<ꈣ>	ꎝꈣ ‘debt’
ii-Yiii	/go/	<ꈤ>	ꀒꈤ ‘skull’
ii-Yiii	/go/	<ꈥ>	ꀀꈥ ‘water’
ii-Yiii	/gɤ/	<ꈦ>	ꈦꇗ ‘nook’
ii-Yiii	/gɤ/	<ꈧ>	ꒀꈧ ‘slosh about’
ii-Yiii	/gɤ/	<ꈨ>	ꀊꋨꈨ ‘those’
ii-Yiii	/gɤ/	<ꈩ>	ꈩ ‘play’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ̙/	<ꈪ>	ꇂꈪ ‘bent’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ/	<ꈫ>	ꉻꈫ ‘fenced off vegetable garden’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ/	<ꈬ>	ꇈꈬ ‘wild area’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ/	<ꈭ>	ꅡꈭ ‘mediator’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ̙/	<ꈮ>	ꈮꈜ ‘welcoming’
ii-Yiii	/gʉ̙/	<ꈯ>	ꇇꈯ ‘bracelet’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑge̙/	<ꈰ>	ꈰꏅ ‘start a rumor’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑge̙/	<ꈱ>	ꈱꀖ ‘expose a lie’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgä̙/	<ꈲ>	ꈲ ‘beneficial’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgä̙/	<ꈳ>	ꈳꅐ ‘pass through’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgä̙/	<ꈴ>	ꈴꃪ ‘buckwheat cake’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgä̙/	<ꈵ>	ꈵꃴ ‘under the eaves’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo̙/	<ꈶ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo̙/	<ꈷ>	ꅱꈷꅲꊨ ‘inquisitive’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo̙/	<ꈸ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo/	<ꈹ>	ꈹꍅ ‘mottled’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo/	<ꈺ>	ꂥꈺ ‘dust’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo/	<ꈻ>	ꈻ ‘pull’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgo/	<ꈼ>	ꈜꈼ ‘cold’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgɤ/	<ꈽ>	ꋩꈽ ‘mourn’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgɤ/	<ꈾ>	ꄸꈾ ‘feel nauseous’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgɤ/	<ꈿ>	ꃬꈿ ‘measles’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ̙/	<ꉀ>	ꀍꉀ ‘upward’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ/	<ꉁ>	ꉁꈾ ‘household items’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ/	<ꉂ>	ꑓꉂ ‘bleary eyed’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ/	<ꉃ>	ꃣꈌꉃ ‘resolve a disagreement’
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ̙/	<ꉄ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵑgʉ̙/	<ꉅ>	ꉅ ‘pick up’