Grapheme Data for Adawama Fulfulde written with Arabic script
This information comes from the Alphabet and Orthography Statement for Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya by Scott Clark, M.A.
In the context of shadda + kasra, this language leaves the kasra below the consonant rather than following the Arabic practice of moving the kasra below the shadda.
Contributor: Lorna Evans
Also available for Latin script.
| Grapheme | USV | Phoneme | Status | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <ء> | 0621 | /ʔ/ | rare | إِسْرَاءِيلَ ‘Israel’ | borrowed words only, should only be used for names that are found in the Qurʼan |
| <إ> | 0625 | /i/ | rare | إِسْحَاـٰقَ ‘Isaac’, إِبْرَاهِيمِ ‘Abraham’ | word initial, borrowed words only |
| <ب◌ّ> | 0628 0651 | /bː/ | expected | دَبَّاجِ | |
| <ب> | 0628 | /b/ | expected | بَاوْطٜ ‘authority’, دؚمْبَاغٛ ‘to shake’, شُبْ ‘early’, نجَابٜ! ‘answer! (pl)’ | |
| <ت◌ّ> | 062A 0651 | /tː/ | expected | يٜتّٛورٜ ‘thanksgiving’ | |
| <ت> | 062A | /t/ | expected | تٜدُّنغَلْ ‘glory’, نَسْتُغٛ ‘to enter’, غِتٜ ‘eyes’, ڢَکَتْ! ‘true!’, تٛ ‘if’ | |
| <ث> | 062B | /θ/ | rare | مِثَالُ ‘example’ | borrowed words only |
| <ج◌ّ> | 062C 0651 | /dʒː/ | expected | مَجِّتِ | |
| <ج> | 062C | /dʒ/ | expected | جِݠَّغٛ ‘to come down’, يٜجِّتُغٛ ‘to forget’, ندِيَمْجِ ‘waters’, سٛوبَاجٛ ‘friend’ | |
| <ح> | 062D | /h/ | expected | حَاجُغٛ ‘to envy’, يَحُغٛ ‘to go’, يَحْ! ‘go!’, مِسَاحِ ‘I gave (freely)’ | |
| <خ> | 062E | /x/ | rare | خَبَرُ ‘news’ | borrowed words only |
| <د◌ّ> | 062F 0651 | /dː/ | expected | تٜدُّنغَلْ ‘glory’ | |
| <د> | 062F | /d/ | expected | دُولٜ ‘cloud’, سُجِدَنغٛ ‘to bow down’ | |
| <ذ> | 0630 | /ð/ | rare | ذَمْبَ ‘to cheat’, ذُنُوبَ ‘sin to God’, کَذَ ‘something’ | borrowed words only |
| <ر◌ّ> | 0631 0651 | /r/ | expected | تٛرَّاغٛ ‘to trouble’ | |
| <ر> | 0631 | /ɾ/ | expected | رَنٜىٰرٜ ‘white’, يٛرْندٜ ‘supplication’, ڢَجِرِ ‘morning’, عَسَرْ ‘waste’ | |
| <ز> | 0632 | /z/ | rare | زَبُورَ ‘Psalms’ | borrowed words only, in the Maroua area it is sometimes pronounced with a /z/ sound |
| <س◌ّ> | 0633 0651 | /sː/ | expected | ڢَسِّتِرِ | |
| <س> | 0633 | /s/ | expected | سٜي ‘happy’, کِسْندَمْ ‘salvation’, نٛوغَسْ ‘twenty’, سَ! ‘Wow!’ | |
| <ش◌ّ> | 0634 0651 | /tʃː/ | expected | عَشُّغٛ ‘to let’, حَشِّ ‘smells bad’ | |
| <ش> | 0634 | /tʃ/ | expected | شٜىٰدٜ ‘money’, عَشُّغٛ ‘to let’, حَشِّ ‘smells bad’, مِحٛوشِ ‘I took’ | |
| <ش> | 0634 | /ʃ/ | expected | شٜىٰدٜ ‘money’, عَشُّغٛ ‘to let’, حَشِّ ‘smells bad’, مِحٛوشِ ‘I took’ | |
| <ص> | 0635 | /sˤ/ | rare | صَوْتُ ‘voice’, مِصْرَ ‘Egypt’ | borrowed words only |
| <ض> | 0636 | /dˤ/ | rare | ضَرُورَ ‘mistake’ | borrowed words only |
| <ط◌ّ> | 0637 0651 | /ɗ̪ː/ | expected | نُطِّنْکِ | |
| <ط> | 0637 | /ɗ̪/ | expected | طُوطُغٛ ‘to increase’, يٜىٰطُغٛ ‘to live’, مِوٜىٰطِ ‘I opened’, کٛ کُووْطَ? ‘What did you do?’ | |
| <ظ> | 0638 | /ðˤ/ | rare | ظُهْرَ ‘two o’clock prayer’, ظَاهِرِ ‘visible’, {lang:first-char وَعَظُ ‘preach’ | borrowed words only, in the Maroua area it is sometimes pronounced with a /z/ sound |
| <ع◌َا> | 0639 064E 0627 | /aː/ | expected | عَلْعَادَ ‘custom’ | word initial |
| <ع◌َ> | 0639 064E | /a/ | expected | عَلْکَوَلْ ‘promise’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ُو> | 0639 064F 0648 | /uː/ | expected | عُورْغٛ ‘to smell good’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ُ> | 0639 064F | /u/ | expected | عُرْدِ ‘perfume’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ِي> | 0639 0650 064A | /iː/ | expected | عِينَاطٛ ‘promised one’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ِ> | 0639 0650 | /i/ | expected | عِتُّغٛ ‘to take out’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ّ> | 0639 0651 | /ʔː/ | expected | مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’ | |
| <ع◌ٛو> | 0639 065B 0648 | /oː/ | expected | عٛورُغٛ ‘to graze (cows)’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ٛ> | 0639 065B | /o/ | expected | عٛݠّٜرٜ ‘fever’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ٜى◌ٰ> | 0639 065C 0649 0670 | /eː/ | expected | عٜىٰنغتُغٛ ‘to go up’ | word initial |
| <ع◌ٜ> | 0639 065C | /e/ | expected | عٜنْطَمْ ‘mercy’ | word initial |
| <ع> | 0639 | /ʔ/ | expected | يِعُغٛ ‘to see’, مِيِعِ ‘I saw’, مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’ | |
| <غ◌ّ> | 063A 0651 | /gː/ | expected | عٛسٛغِ ‘ He drove (animals)’ | |
| <غ> | 063A | /g/ | expected | غٛوتٜلْ ‘one’, سِغَاغٛ ‘to keep or store’, عٛسٛغِ ‘ He drove (animals)’, غٛ ‘one, or that before’ | |
| <ق> | 0642 | /χ/ | rare | إِسْحَاـٰقَ ‘Isaac’, قَاڢَرَ ‘excuse, sorry’ | borrowed words only |
| <ل◌ّ> | 0644 0651 | /lː/ | expected | بَلَّلْ ‘help’ | |
| <ل> | 0644 | /l/ | expected | لٜکِّ ‘tree, medicine’, غِلْطِ ‘worms’, بَلَّلْ ‘help’, ݠٛولَ ‘dove’, لاَمُ ‘kingdom, rule’, سِلاَوٛ ‘basket’ | |
| <م◌ّ> | 0645 0651 | /mː/ | expected | جٜمَّ ‘night’ | |
| <م> | 0645 | /m/ | expected | مَايْ ‘river’, مٜىٰمُغٛ ‘to touch’, مِنُمِ ‘I thought, think’, ࢩَامٜ! ‘eat! (pl.)’ | |
| <نب> | 0646 0628 | /ᵐb/ | expected | مبَرُغٛ ‘to kill’, ڢٛمبِنَ ‘south’ | |
| <نج> | 0646 062C | /dʒ/ | expected | نجَارٜىٰندِ ‘sand’, مِسَنجَ ‘I change’, مِوَانجَ ‘I pour out’ | |
| <نغ> | 0646 063A | /ŋ/ | expected | نغَرٛلْ ‘beauty’, وَنغِنْغٛ ‘to show’, ࢡِنغْغٜلْ ‘child’, مِبنَغْغِ ‘I married’, عٛوَنغْغَ ‘he shows’ | |
| <نغ> | 0646 063A | /ⁿd/ | expected | ندِيَمْ ‘water’, سٜندُغٛ ‘to separate’, حٜندُ ‘wind’, جٛوندٜ ‘place’ | |
| <نغ> | 0646 063A | /ᵑg/ | expected | نغَيْنَاکَ ‘pasture’, يَيْنَنغٛ ‘to shine to’ | |
| <ن◌ّ> | 0646 0651 | /nː/ | expected | طٛنّٛ | |
| <ن> | 0646 | /n/ | expected | نَرَّلْ ‘fellowship’, حُنَاغٛ ‘to swear oath’, نَنٛ ‘left’, جَرْنٜ ‘garden’ | |
| <ه> | 0647 | /h/ | rare | هَرُونَ ‘Aaron’, إِبْرَاهِيمِ ‘Abraham’, اللَّه ‘Allah’ | only used for important names found in the Qurʼan |
| <و◌ّ> | 0648 0651 | /wː/ | expected | حَوَّ | |
| <و> | 0648 | /w/ | expected | وٛلْدٜ ‘word’, جَوْدِ ‘wealth’, مِࢩَوِ ‘I am sick’, مِوَاوِ ‘I can (able)’ | |
| <ى◌ٰ◌ٜ> | 0649 0670 065C | /eː/ | expected | جَوْلٜىٰرُ ‘meeting room’, رٜىٰدُ ‘stomach’, بٜى ‘and, with’ | |
| <ي◌ّ> | 064A 0651 | /jː/ | expected | يٜجِّتُغٛ ‘to forget’ | |
| <ي> | 064A | /j/ | expected | يٜتّٛورٜ ‘thanksgiving’, حٛيْنُغٛ ‘to be easy’, نَيِ ‘four’, مُويٛ ‘will (of God)’ | |
| <◌َا> | 064E 0627 | /aː/ | expected | نَانٜ ‘previously’, وَلاَ ‘nothing’, بِلاَ ‘without’ | |
| <◌َ> | 064E | /a/ | expected | کَلْحَلْدِ ‘bull’, رٜىٰتَ ‘half’ | |
| <◌ُو> | 064F 0648 | /uː/ | expected | مِحُووِ ‘I worked’, ڢُو ‘all’ | unlike the waw consonant, when waw elongates a vowel it does not take a sukun |
| <◌ُ> | 064F | /u/ | expected | وُجَاغٛ ‘to rub’, ݠُشُّ ‘horse’ | |
| <◌ِي> | 0650 064A | /iː/ | expected | بِرِيجِ ‘peanuts’, بِٔي ‘son of…’ | unlike the yeh consonant, when yeh elongates a vowel it does not take a sukun |
| <◌ِ> | 0650 | /i/ | expected | کِرْکٜ ‘saddle’, لٜکِّ ‘tree’ | |
| <◌ْ> | 0652 | /∅/ | expected | ࢨَمٛلْ ‘question’, ࢨِࢨَمْ ‘blood’, حِمْࢨَ ‘wink’ | |
| <◌ٛو> | 065B 0648 | /oː/ | expected | کِيتٛووٛ ‘judge’, بٛو ‘also’ | unlike the waw consonant, when waw elongates a vowel it does not take a sukun |
| <◌ٛ> | 065B | /o/ | expected | دٛکَّلْ ‘gift’, حٛکُّغٛ ‘to give’ | |
| <◌ٜ> | 065C | /e/ | expected | جٜمَّ ‘night’, دٜڢْتٜرٜ ‘book’ | |
| <ڢ> | 06A2 | /f/ | expected | ڢُلْࢡٜ ‘Fulani People’, تٜڢُغٛ ‘to search’, مِتُڢِ ‘I pricked, injected’, ڢُوڢُ ‘lung’ | |
| <ک◌ّ> | 06A9 0651 | /kː/ | expected | حَکُّندٜ ‘between’ | |
| <ک> | 06A9 | /k/ | expected | کٜىٰڢٜىٰرٛ ‘pagan’, حَکُّندٜ ‘between’, حَکّٜ ‘sin’, مِوٛوکِ ‘I cried’ | |
| <ݠ◌ّ> | 0760 0651 | /pː/ | expected | جِݠَّاغٛ ‘to come down’ | |
| <ݠ> | 0760 | /p/ | expected | ݠُکَرَاجٛ ‘student’, جِݠَّاغٛ ‘to come down’, سَݠَّ ‘ten’, لٛوݠٜ ‘mud’ | |
| <ࢡ◌ّ> | 08A1 0651 | /ɓː/ | expected | بِٔبّٜٔ | |
| <ࢡ> | 08A1 | /ɓ/ | expected | ࢡَندُ ‘body’, حَࢡْرٜ ‘fight’, ࢡِࢡّٜ ‘offspring’, حُووٛوࢡٜ ‘workers’ | |
| <ࢨ> | 08A8 | /jˤ/ | expected | ࢨَمٛلْ ‘question’, ࢨِࢨَمْ ‘blood’, حِمْࢨَ ‘wink’, ࢨٛوࢨٜ ‘kidneys’ | always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them |
| <ࢩ> | 08A9 | /ɲ/ | expected | ࢩَامْدُ ‘food’, لٜࢩٛلْ ‘family/clan’, سٛࢩٛ ‘sound’, مِتٛوࢩَ ‘I persecute’, عٛدَࢩِ ‘she gave birth’ |