Graphemes for /s/ and Related Phonemes

Alveolars

/s/ - voiceless alveolar fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<s>	samak ‘fish’
ar-Arab	<س>	مستشفى ‘hospital’
ast-Latn	<s>	sosu ‘tasteless’
bcy-Latn	<s>	sake ‘dog’
bec-Latn	<s>	saŋgɛ ‘write’, isi ‘eye’, ɛkas ‘sifter’
blt-Tavt	<ꪎ>	ꪎꪲ꪿ ‘four’	low tone series (syll. init.)
blt-Tavt	<ꪏ>	ꪏꪳ꫁ ‘to buy’	high tone series (syll. init.)
de-Latn	<chs>	Wachs ‘wax’
de-Latn	<ss>	Wasser ‘water’
de-Latn	<s>	das ‘the’, anders ‘different’	Syllable-final
de-Latn	<ß>	Straße ‘street’	Post 1996 spelling reform, ‹ß› at send of syllables and before consonants is usually changed to ‹ss›
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	މައްސަލަ	Occurs before ‹ސ› to indicate a geminate.
dv-Thaa	<ސ>	ސުކުން
en-Latn	<c>	cent	Before e and i
en-Latn	<ps>	psychology
en-Latn	<s>	sand
es-Latn	<c>	ciento ‘hundred’	‹c› can be used for /s/ before e and i (Latin American only)
es-Latn	<s>	sin ‘without’
es-Latn	<x>	texto ‘text’
es-Latn	<z>	zapato ‘shoe’	Latin American only
fub-Arab	<س>	سٜي ‘happy’, کِسْندَمْ ‘salvation’, نٛوغَسْ ‘twenty’, سَ! ‘Wow!’
fub-Latn	<s>	seyo ‘happy’, kisndam ‘salvation’, noogas ‘twenty’, Sa! ‘Wow!’
ha-Latn	<s>	sata ‘to steal’
id-Latn	<s>	sisir ‘comb’
ii-Latn	<s>	si ‘choose’
lbw-Latn	<s>	sala ‘path’, aso ‘one’
nat-Latn	<s>	sata ‘five’, a̱sa̱la̱ ‘rain’
ne-Deva	<स>	सेतो ‘white’
png-Latn	<s>	sakaru, sabu
srr-Arab	<س>	سࣹدْ ‘to be ashamed’, فُسْ ‘pustule’
srr-Latn	<s>	sed ‘to be ashamed’, fus ‘pustule’
wo-Arab	<س>	سُوفْ ‘ground’
wo-Latn	<s>	suuf ‘ground’
xnz-Copt	<ⲝ>		Obsolete
xnz-Copt	<ⲥ>
xnz-Latn	<s>

/sʷ/ - labialized voiceless alveolar fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bec-Latn	<sw>	sweŋ ‘silent’, ɔswaŋɛ ‘compound’
png-Latn	<sw>	swa, ta̱swee

/sˤ/ - pharyngealized voiceless alveolar fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<ᶊ>	ᶊaabuun ‘soap’	Persson orthography
apd-Latn	<ṣ>	ṣaabuun ‘soap’	Hillelson orthography
ar-Arab	<ص>	صورته ‘his picture’
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	ޚާއްޞަ	Only in words of foreign origin; occurs before ‹ޞ› to indicate a geminate.
dv-Thaa	<ޞ>	މަޤްޞަދު	A letter devised to transliterate Arabic ‹ص›. Occurring only in loanwords, it may be pronounced simply as /s/.
fub-Arab	<ص>	صَوْتُ ‘voice’, مِصْرَ ‘Egypt’	borrowed words only
fub-Latn	<s>	sawtu ‘voice’, Misra ‘Egypt’	borrowed words only

/sː/ - geminate voiceless alveolar fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<س◌ّ>	السّودان Sudan’
fub-Arab	<س◌ّ>	ڢَسِّتِرِ

Dentals

/θ/ - voiceless dental fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<ث>	ثالث ‘third’, ثلاثة ‘three’
ast-Latn	<c>	poces ‘holes’	'c' can be used for [θ] before i and e
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	ޙައްޘިއްޔަތު	Only in words of foreign origin; occurs before ‹ޘ› to indicate a geminate.
dv-Thaa	<ޘ>	ޘާނަވީ	A letter devised to transliterate Arabic ‹ث›. Occurs only in words of foreign origin.
en-Latn	<th>	thin
es-Latn	<c>	ciento ‘hundred’	‹c› can be used for /θ/ before e and i (Iberian only)
es-Latn	<z>	zapato ‘shoe’	/θ/ occurs in Iberian only
fub-Arab	<ث>	مِثَالُ ‘example’	borrowed words only
fub-Latn	<c>	ceede ‘money’, accugo ‘to let’, hacci ‘smells bad’, mi hooci ‘I took’	dialect variants in pronunciation
fub-Latn	<th>	mithaalu ‘example’	borrowed words only
ru-Cyrl	<з>	ска́зка ‘fairy tale’, глаз ‘eye’	Preceding a voiceless consonant or if word-final
ru-Cyrl	<с>	соба́ка ‘dog’	Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы›, a voiceless consonant, or ‹л, м, н, р, в›, or if word-final

/θʲ/ - palatalized voiceless dental fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ru-Cyrl	<зь>	резь ‘pain’	Preceding a voiceless consonant or if word-final
ru-Cyrl	<сь>	здесь ‘here’	Preceding either a vowel, voiceless consonant, or ‹л, м, н, р, в›, or if word-final
ru-Cyrl	<с>	си́ний ‘blue’, есть ‘to eat’	Preceding ‹я, ё, е, ю, и›

/θː/ - geminate voiceless dental fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<ث◌ّ>	ممثّل ‘representative’

Linguolabials

/s̼/ - voiceless linguolabial fricative

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<sw>	eswo ‘drink’, swatana ‘inherit’	1 dialect pronounces s̼ as f, e.g. efo