Grapheme Data for Indonesian written with Latin script

This is a straightforward coverage of the standard dialect of Indonesian as taught formally, used in speeches, etc.

Other dialects tend to vary phonetically in fairly simple ways. (E.g. with a heavy Javanese accent, the affricates may be dental rather than alveolar, and voiced stops are extra long.)

Disclaimer: The inventory of diphthongs is tentative (off the cuff) and is not a serious claim in favor of diphthongs. Most adjacent vowels are probably just sequences.

Contributed by: Jonathan Coombs

Grapheme	USV	Phoneme	Status	Example	Notes
<'>	0027	/ʔ/	common	do'a ‘pray’, Qur'an ‘Koran’	Typically from Arabic; usually optional (e.g. doa is standard)
<ai>	0061 0069	/ai/	expected	abai ‘neglect’, baik ‘good’	Sometimes pronounced /ei/ (e.g. bagaimana ‘how’ varies freely)
<au>	0061 0075	/au/	expected	mau ‘want’, atau ‘or’, kalau ‘if’
<a>	0061	/a/	expected	apa ‘what’
<b>	0062	/b/	expected	bubur ‘porridge’
<c>	0063	/tʃ/	expected	cacat ‘deformity’
<d>	0064	/d/	expected	daging ‘meat’
<ei>	0065 0069	/ei/	uncommon	Mei ‘May’	Doubtful; probably only in loan words
<e>	0065	/ɘ/	expected	enam ‘six’, apel ‘apple’
<e>	0065	/ɛ/	expected	enak ‘tasty’, leher ‘neck’, apel ‘date’	The sixth vowel, often accented in dictionary headwords; the six vowels are written with only 5 symbols, so the two e’s are not distinguished; pronounced [ej] in many loans from Portuguese such as meja ‘table’
<f>	0066	/f/	expected	fajar ‘dawn’	Typically from Arabic; tends to become /p/ in older borrowings (e.g. pikir ‘think’ is now more common than fikir)
<g>	0067	/g/	expected	gugup ‘nervous’, nganggur ‘unemployed’
<h>	0068	/h/	expected	huruf ‘letter’
<i>	0069	/i/	expected	inti ‘core’, mirip ‘resemble’	Allophone: [ɪ]
<j>	006A	/dʒ/	expected	jajar ‘a row’
<kh>	006B 0068	/x/	expected	khawatir ‘worried’	Typically from Arabic; pronounced /k/ or /h/ by some speakers
<k>	006B	/k/	expected	kurus ‘thin’, angka ‘number’
<l>	006C	/l/	expected	lihat ‘see’
<m>	006D	/m/	expected	maka ‘so’
<ng>	006E 0067	/ŋ/	expected	ngomong ‘talk’, mengganggu ‘to bother’
<ny>	006E 0079	/ɲ/	expected	nyanyi ‘sing’
<n>	006E	/n/	expected	naik ‘rise’
<oi>	006F 0069	/oi/	uncommon	bolpoin ‘ballpoint’	Doubtful
<o>	006F	/o/	expected	opor ‘stew’
<p>	0070	/p/	expected	pukul ‘hit’
<r>	0072	/ɾ/	expected	urat ‘vein’, racun ‘poison’	Allophone: [r]
<sy>	0073 0079	/ʃ/	expected	syarat ‘requirement’	Typically from Arabic
<s>	0073	/s/	expected	sisir ‘comb’
<t>	0074	/t̪/	expected	tahan ‘to last’
<u>	0075	/u/	expected	ulur ‘extend’
<v>	0076	/f/	uncommon	vaksin ‘vaccine’	Pronounced [f]; only used in loan words
<w>	0077	/w/	expected	wajar ‘appropriate’
<y>	0079	/j/	expected	yakin ‘certain’
<z>	007A	/z/	uncommon	zina ‘adultery’	Typically from Arabic; pronounced /j/ by many speakers; tends to become /j/ over time (e.g. jaman ‘era’ is now more common than zaman)