Graphemes for /j/ and Related Phonemes
Palatals
Section titled “Palatals”/j/ - palatal approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <y> | yoom ‘day’ | |
| ar-Arab | <ي> | يوم ‘day’ | |
| ast-Latn | <y> | muyer ‘woman’ | |
| bcy-Latn | <y> | yakiye ‘pepper’ | |
| bec-Latn | <y> | ya ‘eat’, ɛyɔŋ ‘snake’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪤ> | ꪤꪴ꪿ ‘to dwell’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪥ> | ꪜꪱꪥ ‘tip, point’ | final consonant - realized phonetically as a high close front unrounded vowel |
| de-Latn | <j> | Junge ‘boy’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ރައްޔިތުން | Occurs before ‹ޔ› to indicate a geminate. |
| dv-Thaa | <ޔ> | މޮޔަ | |
| en-Latn | <y> | yet | |
| es-Latn | <ll> | llamar ‘to call’ | ‹ll› is used for /j/ in Latin American dialects only |
| es-Latn | <y> | yo ‘I’ | Some linguists analyze this sound as [ʝ] |
| fub-Arab | <ي> | يٜتّٛورٜ ‘thanksgiving’, حٛيْنُغٛ ‘to be easy’, نَيِ ‘four’, مُويٛ ‘will (of God)’ | |
| fub-Latn | <y> | yettoore ‘thanksgiving’, hoynugo ‘to be easy’, nayi ‘four’, muuyo ‘will (of God)’ | |
| ha-Latn | <y> | yak ‘exactly’ | |
| id-Latn | <y> | yakin ‘certain’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <y> | yuta ‘million’, Yeni (a woman’s name) | Word-initial in certain borrowed words, particularly in certain first names of people |
| nat-Latn | <y> | yena ‘road’, yaba ‘house’ | |
| ne-Deva | <य> | यहाँ ‘here’ | |
| png-Latn | <y> | yaba, yirigani | |
| ru-Cyrl | <й> | майо́р ‘Major’ | |
| srr-Arab | <ي> | يࣷوکْ ‘to wake up’ | |
| srr-Latn | <y> | yook ‘to wake up’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ي> | يࣷمْ ‘to be equal’ | |
| wo-Latn | <y> | yem ‘to be equal’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⲓ◌̈> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <y> |
/jˤ/ - pharyngealized palatal approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <ࢨ> | ࢨَمٛلْ ‘question’, ࢨِࢨَمْ ‘blood’, حِمْࢨَ ‘wink’, ࢨٛوࢨٜ ‘kidneys’ | always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them |
| fub-Latn | <ƴ> | ƴamol ‘question’, ƴiƴam ‘blood’, himƴa ‘wink’, ɓooƴe ‘kidneys’ | always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them |
/jˀ/ - glottalized palatal approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| srr-Arab | <ڃ> | ڃَخْ ‘to chew’ | |
| srr-Latn | <ƴ> | ƴax ‘to chew’ |
/jː/ - geminate palatal approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ar-Arab | <ي◌ّ> | سيّد سادة ‘Mr.’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ي◌ّ> | يٜجِّتُغٛ ‘to forget’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ي◌ّ> | بࣵيِّ ‘(to) leave, cease’ | |
| wo-Latn | <yy> | bàyyi ‘(to) leave, cease’ |
/ᶮj/ - prenasalized palatal approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bec-Latn | <ny> | nyandɛ ‘trample’, ɛnyɛghɛ ‘tooth’ |
Sequences including /m/ - bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Phoneme Sequence | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| blt-Tavt | /am/ | <◌ꪾ> | ꪜꪾ꫁ ‘to cut down’, ꪙꪾ꫁ ‘water’ | ligature: short /a/ + /m/ |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂑ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂒ> | ꂒꋉ ‘give a name’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂓ> | ꂓꅑ ‘be famous’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂔ> | ꂔ ‘cooked’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂕ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂖ> | ꂖ ‘flick’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂗ> | ꂴꍵ ‘long knife’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂘ> | ꂘ ‘teach’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂙ> | ꂙꃨ ‘azalea’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂚ> | ꂚ (a family name) | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂛ> | ꂛꊨ ‘brother’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂜ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂝ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂞ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂟ> | ꋚꂟ ‘beg for food’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂠ> | ꏃꂠ ‘guide’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂡ> | ꂡꌙ ‘hope’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂢ> | ꂢ ‘blow’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂣ> | ꂣꈓ ‘lap’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂤ> | ꂤꏂ ‘sand’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂥ> | ꂥ ‘mushroom’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂦ> | ꄔꃛꂦ ‘a piece of bean curd’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂧ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂨ> | ꂨ ‘inflate’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂩ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂪ> | ꂪꌦ ‘cloth’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂫ> | ꉌꊭꂫ ‘bird trap’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ̙/ | <ꂬ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ̙/ | <ꂭ> | ꑓꋪꂭ ‘close eyes’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂮ> | ꂮ ‘hungry’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂯ> | ꂯꄉ ‘about to’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂰ> | ꀃꂰ ‘tonight’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂱ> | ꂱꀯ ‘lips’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂲ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂳ> | ꂳꃅ ‘quickly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂴ> | ꂴꆽ ‘in front’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂵ> | ꀊꂵ ‘grandmother’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂶ> | ꂶꇉ ‘basket sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂷ> | ꂷꉐ ‘rain’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂸ> | ꂸꃉ ‘bamboo shoots’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂹ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂺ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂻ> | ꂻ ‘to dream’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂼ> | ꀀꂼ ‘a dream’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂽ> | ꂽꑼ ‘a soldier’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂾ> | ꂾꈠ ‘corpse’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂿ> | ꂿꃅ ‘sky’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꃀ> | ꀿꃀ ‘parents’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɤ/ | <ꃁ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mɤ/ | <ꃂ> | ꀊꃂ ‘oh no!’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃃ> | ꇨꇅꃃ ‘angry’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃄ> | ꃄꅉ ‘earth’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃅ> | ꃅꄂ ‘cloud’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃆ> | ꃆꀞ ‘horse’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃇ> | ꃇꌺꅩꌺ ‘siblings’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃈ> | ꃈꄵꀕ ‘by chance’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ̙/ | <ꃉ> | ꃉ ‘lick’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃊ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃋ> | ꀋꃋ ‘daughter’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃌ> | ꃌꌺ ‘wife and children’ |