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Graphemes for /j/ and Related Phonemes

/j/ - palatal approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
apd-Latn <y> yoom ‘day’
ar-Arab <ي> يوم ‘day’
ast-Latn <y> muyer ‘woman’
bcy-Latn <y> yakiye ‘pepper’
bec-Latn <y> ya ‘eat’, ɛyɔŋ ‘snake’
blt-Tavt <> ꪤꪴ꪿ ‘to dwell’low tone series (syll. init.)
blt-Tavt <> ꪜꪱꪥ ‘tip, point’final consonant - realized phonetically as a high close front unrounded vowel
de-Latn <j> Junge ‘boy’
dv-Thaa <އ◌ް> ރައްޔިތުންOccurs before ‹ޔ› to indicate a geminate.
dv-Thaa <ޔ> މޮޔަ
en-Latn <y> yet
es-Latn <ll> llamar ‘to call’‹ll› is used for /j/ in Latin American dialects only
es-Latn <y> yo ‘I’Some linguists analyze this sound as [ʝ]
fub-Arab <ي> يٜتّٛورٜ ‘thanksgiving’, حٛيْنُغٛ ‘to be easy’, نَيِ ‘four’, مُويٛ ‘will (of God)’
fub-Latn <y> yettoore ‘thanksgiving’, hoynugo ‘to be easy’, nayi ‘four’, muuyo ‘will (of God)’
ha-Latn <y> yak ‘exactly’
id-Latn <y> yakin ‘certain’
lbw-Latn <y> yuta ‘million’, Yeni (a woman’s name)Word-initial in certain borrowed words, particularly in certain first names of people
nat-Latn <y> yena ‘road’, yaba ‘house’
ne-Deva <> यहाँ ‘here’
png-Latn <y> yaba, yirigani
ru-Cyrl <й> майо́р ‘Major’
srr-Arab <ي> يࣷوکْ ‘to wake up’
srr-Latn <y> yook ‘to wake up’
wo-Arab <ي> يࣷمْ ‘to be equal’
wo-Latn <y> yem ‘to be equal’
xnz-Copt <◌̈>
xnz-Latn <y>

/jˤ/ - pharyngealized palatal approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
fub-Arab <> ࢨَمٛلْ ‘question’, ࢨِࢨَمْ ‘blood’, حِمْࢨَ ‘wink’, ࢨٛوࢨٜ ‘kidneys’always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them
fub-Latn <ƴ> ƴamol ‘question’, ƴiƴam ‘blood’, himƴa ‘wink’, ɓooƴe ‘kidneys’always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them

/jˀ/ - glottalized palatal approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
srr-Arab <ڃ> ڃَخْ ‘to chew’
srr-Latn <ƴ> ƴax ‘to chew’

/jː/ - geminate palatal approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
ar-Arab <ي◌ّ> سيّد سادة ‘Mr.’
fub-Arab <ي◌ّ> يٜجِّتُغٛ ‘to forget’
wo-Arab <ي◌ّ> بࣵيِّ ‘(to) leave, cease’
wo-Latn <yy> bàyyi ‘(to) leave, cease’

/ᶮj/ - prenasalized palatal approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
bec-Latn <ny> nyandɛ ‘trample’, ɛnyɛghɛ ‘tooth’

Sequences including /m/ - bilabial nasal

Writing SystemPhoneme SequenceGraphemeExampleNotes
blt-Tavt/am/ <◌ꪾ> ꪜꪾ꫁ ‘to cut down’, ꪙꪾ꫁ ‘water’ligature: short /a/ + /m/
ii-Yiii/m̥e/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥e/ <> ꂒꋉ ‘give a name’
ii-Yiii/m̥e/ <> ꂓꅑ ‘be famous’
ii-Yiii/m̥e/ <> ‘cooked’
ii-Yiii/m̥e̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥e̙/ <> ‘flick’
ii-Yiii/m̥e̙/ <> ꂴꍵ ‘long knife’
ii-Yiii/m̥ä̙/ <> ‘teach’
ii-Yiii/m̥ä̙/ <> ꂙꃨ ‘azalea’
ii-Yiii/m̥ä̙/ <> ꂚ (a family name)
ii-Yiii/m̥ä̙/ <> ꂛꊨ ‘brother’
ii-Yiii/m̥o̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥o̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥o̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥o/ <> ꋚꂟ ‘beg for food’
ii-Yiii/m̥o/ <> ꏃꂠ ‘guide’
ii-Yiii/m̥o/ <> ꂡꌙ ‘hope’
ii-Yiii/m̥o/ <> ‘blow’
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ̙/ <> ꂣꈓ ‘lap’
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ/ <> ꂤꏂ ‘sand’
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ/ <> ‘mushroom’
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ/ <> ꄔꃛꂦ ‘a piece of bean curd’
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥ʉ̙/ <> ‘inflate’
ii-Yiii/m̥ɨ/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥ɨ/ <> ꂪꌦ ‘cloth’
ii-Yiii/m̥ɨ/ <> ꉌꊭꂫ ‘bird trap’
ii-Yiii/m̥ɨ̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/m̥ɨ̙/ <> ꑓꋪꂭ ‘close eyes’
ii-Yiii/me/ <> ‘hungry’
ii-Yiii/me/ <> ꂯꄉ ‘about to’
ii-Yiii/me/ <> ꀃꂰ ‘tonight’
ii-Yiii/me/ <> ꂱꀯ ‘lips’
ii-Yiii/me̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/me̙/ <> ꂳꃅ ‘quickly’
ii-Yiii/me̙/ <> ꂴꆽ ‘in front’
ii-Yiii/mä̙/ <> ꀊꂵ ‘grandmother’
ii-Yiii/mä̙/ <> ꂶꇉ ‘basket sp.’
ii-Yiii/mä̙/ <> ꂷꉐ ‘rain’
ii-Yiii/mä̙/ <> ꂸꃉ ‘bamboo shoots’
ii-Yiii/mo̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/mo̙/ <>
ii-Yiii/mo̙/ <> ‘to dream’
ii-Yiii/mo̙/ <> ꀀꂼ ‘a dream’
ii-Yiii/mo/ <> ꂽꑼ ‘a soldier’
ii-Yiii/mo/ <> ꂾꈠ ‘corpse’
ii-Yiii/mo/ <> ꂿꃅ ‘sky’
ii-Yiii/mo/ <> ꀿꃀ ‘parents’
ii-Yiii/mɤ/ <>
ii-Yiii/mɤ/ <> ꀊꃂ ‘oh no!’
ii-Yiii/mʉ̙/ <> ꇨꇅꃃ ‘angry’
ii-Yiii/mʉ/ <> ꃄꅉ ‘earth’
ii-Yiii/mʉ/ <> ꃅꄂ ‘cloud’
ii-Yiii/mʉ/ <> ꃆꀞ ‘horse’
ii-Yiii/mʉ̙/ <> ꃇꌺꅩꌺ ‘siblings’
ii-Yiii/mʉ̙/ <> ꃈꄵꀕ ‘by chance’
ii-Yiii/mɨ̙/ <> ‘lick’
ii-Yiii/mɨ/ <>
ii-Yiii/mɨ/ <> ꀋꃋ ‘daughter’
ii-Yiii/mɨ/ <> ꃌꌺ ‘wife and children’

/ɰ/ - velar approximant

Writing SystemGraphemeExampleNotes
bec-Latn <gh> sɛgha ‘rejoice’, mɛyegh ‘lesson’
png-Latn <wy> wyama, wya̱rugo