Grapheme Data for Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱ written with Latin script
These data come from words collected in Flex (not yet published) by Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱ Language Project (CLP).
Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱ [nat] has 5 different dialects, Makangara dialect is the reference dialect, chosen by the community leaders and representatives.
Although Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱ is a tonal language, writing tone has yet to be tested. Probably grammatical tone should be indicated.
| Grapheme | USV | Phoneme | Status | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <'w> | 0027 0077 | /ʔʷ/ | expected | i'wabo ‘hoe’, u'wanlan ‘snail’ | |
| <'y> | 0027 0079 | /ʔʲ/ | expected | i'yela ‘arrow’, u'yaswo ‘cockroach’ | |
| <'> | 0027 | /ʔ/ | expected | a'osa ‘friend’, a̱'uma̱ ‘cassava’ | |
| <aan> | 0061 0061 006E | /ä̃ː/ | common | maanlan ‘web’, waanswon ‘stomper’ | |
| <aa> | 0061 0061 | /äː/ | expected | uraaga ‘net trap’, yaana ‘bed bug’ | |
| <an> | 0061 006E | /ä̃/ | expected | anwan ‘mosquito’, iwantan ‘shaft’ | |
| <a◌̱a◌̱> | 0061 0331 0061 0331 | /əː/ | expected | a̱a̱la̱ ‘go’, uta̱a̱ki ‘step’ | |
| <a◌̱n> | 0061 0331 006E | /ə̃/ | expected | ha̱npa̱ntun ‘yawning’, uza̱nla̱n ‘riverbank’ | |
| <a◌̱> | 0061 0331 | /ə/ | common | a̱da̱ta̱ ‘calf part of leg’, a̱ka̱pu ‘local bag’ | Neighbouring languages all use underlined a for ə |
| <a> | 0061 | /ä/ | expected | ajaba ‘stream’, aswana ‘awl’ | |
| <bw> | 0062 0077 | /bʷ/ | expected | a̱bwiisa̱ ‘squirrel’, bwa ‘child’ | |
| <by> | 0062 0079 | /bʲ/ | expected | byatwo ‘medicine’, manobye ‘oil’ | |
| <b> | 0062 | /b/ | expected | bisina̱ ‘chest’, bita ‘shoot’ | |
| <c> | 0063 | /tʃ/ | expected | bicici ‘caterpillar’, cinza̱n ‘cotton’ | |
| <dw> | 0064 0077 | /d̼/ | common | dandwo ‘up’, dwuma̱ ‘shake’ | |
| <d> | 0064 | /d/ | expected | a̱da̱da̱ ‘rectangular’, daba ‘untidy’ | |
| <een> | 0065 0065 006E | /ɛ̃ː/ | rare | eensan ‘why’, jeen ‘firm’ | |
| <ee> | 0065 0065 | /ɛː/ | rare | iseewo ‘trouble maker’, aweega ‘grass stringer’ | |
| <en> | 0065 006E | /ɛ̃/ | expected | aryen ‘tongue’, byenryen ‘edible bush mouse’ | |
| <e> | 0065 | /ɛ/ | expected | eje ‘big termite house’, cenge ‘country’ | |
| <gw> | 0067 0077 | /gʷ/ | expected | bigwaba ‘bamboo’, ugwagwa ‘duck’ | |
| <gy> | 0067 0079 | /gʲ/ | expected | bugyama ‘servant’, cigya̱ ‘wedding’ | |
| <g> | 0067 | /g/ | expected | gaba ‘dig’, a̱gungu ‘stick’ | |
| <hw> | 0068 0077 | /hʷ/ | expected | uhwa̱ ‘yesterday’, hwogi ‘steam’ | |
| <hy> | 0068 0079 | /hʲ/ | expected | bihyan ‘termite’, ma̱hya̱n ‘blood’ | |
| <h> | 0068 | /h/ | expected | hababa ‘leaf’, ihurugu ‘dove’ | |
| <iin> | 0069 0069 006E | /ĩː/ | rare | iinya̱n ‘one’, iin ‘yes’ | |
| <ii> | 0069 0069 | /iː/ | expected | miisa̱ ‘tears’, kiisa̱ ‘small bee’ | |
| <in> | 0069 006E | /ĩ/ | expected | a̱pinya̱n ‘here’, biswinyan ‘bee’ | |
| <i> | 0069 | /i/ | expected | birigi ‘rope’, binici ‘electric cat fish’ | |
| <j> | 006A | /dʒ/ | expected | ajaba ‘river’, jindana ‘climb’ | |
| <kw> | 006B 0077 | /kʷ/ | expected | a̱kwa̱ga̱ ‘chameleon’, ukwakwa ‘millipede’ | |
| <ky> | 006B 0079 | /kʲ/ | expected | akyakya ‘old mat’, okyamo ‘yellow bat’ | |
| <k> | 006B | /k/ | expected | kaata ‘spider’, a̱kuku ‘top of head’ | |
| <l> | 006C | /l/ | expected | lalaga ‘chatting’, olanlan ‘cloud’ | |
| <mw> | 006D 0077 | /mʷ/ | rare | mwonda ‘run’, amwonye ‘hemp leaf’ | |
| <my> | 006D 0079 | /mʲ/ | rare | emya ‘lower’, ga̱mya̱ ‘join’ | |
| <m> | 006D | /m/ | expected | madale ‘sit down’, makuru ‘traditional skirt’ | |
| <nw> | 006E 0077 | /nʷ/ | rare | unwa̱ ‘mouth’, inwa ‘weave’ | |
| <ny> | 006E 0079 | /nʲ/ | expected | nyaga ‘propose’, cinya̱ ‘dew’ | |
| <n> | 006E | /n/ | expected | naweya ‘today’, bina ‘cow’ | |
| <on> | 006F 006E | /ɔ̃/ | expected | anzwon ‘rabbit’, a’yanrwon ‘stove’ | |
| <oo> | 006F 006F | /ɔː/ | rare | a̱hoogi ‘nest’ | |
| <o> | 006F | /ɔ/ | expected | okoba ‘black snake’, birogo ‘rock’ | |
| <pw> | 0070 0077 | /pʷ/ | expected | epwopwo ‘knife’, pwata ‘traditional food’ | |
| <py> | 0070 0079 | /pʲ/ | expected | pyana ‘moon’, mupyela ‘wind’ | |
| <p> | 0070 | /p/ | expected | apapamo ‘cattle egret’, ipa̱pi ‘bat’ | |
| <rw> | 0072 0077 | /ɾʷ/ | expected | zarwo ‘sky’, bitwarwa ‘neck’ | |
| <ry> | 0072 0079 | /ɾʲ/ | expected | ryego ‘guinea fowl’, ugya̱rya̱rya̱ ‘zero’ | |
| <r> | 0072 | /ɾ/ | expected | riga̱ ‘sheanut tree’, a̱huri ‘flute’ | |
| <sw> | 0073 0077 | /s̼/ | common | eswo ‘drink’, swatana ‘inherit’ | 1 dialect pronounces s̼ as f, e.g. efo |
| <s> | 0073 | /s/ | expected | sata ‘five’, a̱sa̱la̱ ‘rain’ | |
| <tw> | 0074 0077 | /t̼/ | common | tatwo ‘three’, atwo ‘people’ | |
| <t> | 0074 | /t/ | expected | atabo ‘spoon’, bita̱ ‘thunder’ | |
| <un> | 0075 006E | /ũ/ | expected | a̱hunrun ‘life’, a̱’unrun ‘mortar’ | |
| <uu> | 0075 0075 | /uː/ | rare | a̱luuzi ‘sickle’, duula̱ ‘slow’ | |
| <u> | 0075 | /u/ | expected | a̱rugu ‘he-goat’, uwuru ‘locust bean tree’ | |
| <w> | 0077 | /w/ | expected | waa ‘arm’, ya̱wa̱ ‘frog’ | |
| <y> | 0079 | /j/ | expected | yena ‘road’, yaba ‘house’ | |
| <zw> | 007A 0077 | /z̼/ | common | zwamya ‘say’, anzwon ‘rabbit’ | 1 dialect pronounces z̼ as v, e.g. vamya |
| <z> | 007A | /z/ | expected | zabana ‘sip’, hazoga ‘song’ | |
| <ˆ> | 02C6 | /˦/ = // + // | |||
| <ˇ> | 02C7 | /˨/ = // + // | |||
| <ˉ> | 02C9 | /˧/ | |||
| <ˊ> | 02CA | /˦/ | |||
| <ˋ> | 02CB | /˨/ |