Graphemes for /d/ and Related Phonemes
Alveolars
Section titled “Alveolars”/d/ - voiced alveolar plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <d> | dagiig ‘flour’ | |
| ar-Arab | <د> | مدرسة ‘school’ | |
| bec-Latn | <d> | de ‘stop’, ɛdɛma ‘road’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪒ> | ꪵꪒꪉ ‘red’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪓ> | the high series /d/ has merged with /l/ and is no longer used. | |
| de-Latn | <dd> | Paddel ‘paddle’ | |
| de-Latn | <d> | deine ‘your’, Hund ‘dog’ | Pronounced [t] when syllable final |
| en-Latn | <d> | dog | |
| fub-Arab | <د> | دُولٜ ‘cloud’, سُجِدَنغٛ ‘to bow down’ | |
| fub-Latn | <d> | duule ‘cloud’, sujidango ‘to bow down’ | |
| ha-Latn | <d> | doya ‘yam’ | |
| id-Latn | <d> | daging ‘meat’ | |
| ii-Latn | <dd> | ddur ‘come out’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <d> | dahu ‘dog’, hada ‘monkey’ | Edwards chose the voiced {em:implosive, post}-alveolar stop as the phoneme rather than the voiced alveolar plosive. |
| nat-Latn | <d> | a̱da̱da̱ ‘rectangular’, daba ‘untidy’ | |
| png-Latn | <d> | dagarige̱, da̱da̱da̱ | |
| srr-Arab | <د> | دࣷنْ ‘mouth, to inherit’ | |
| srr-Latn | <d> | don ‘mouth, to inherit’ | |
| wo-Arab | <د> | دَوْ ‘to run’ | |
| wo-Latn | <d> | daw ‘to run’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⲇ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <d> | ||
| yba-Latn | <d> | ada |
/dʲ/ - palatalized voiced alveolar plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <dy> | dyapa ‘club’ |
/dˤ/ - pharyngealized voiced alveolar plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <ᶁ> | ᶁeef ‘guest’ | Persson orthography |
| apd-Latn | <ḍ> | ḍeef ‘guest’ | Hillelson orthography |
| ar-Arab | <ض> | ضرورة ‘necessity’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <ޟ> | ގާޟީ | |
| fub-Arab | <ض> | ضَرُورَ ‘mistake’ | borrowed words only |
| fub-Latn | <d> | daruura ‘mistake’ | borrowed words only |
/ⁿd/ - prenasalized voiced alveolar plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <nd> | ndewotə ‘friend’ | |
| bec-Latn | <nd> | ndalɛ ‘like’, ozindi ‘journey’, agund ‘cow’ | |
| fub-Arab | <نغ> | ندِيَمْ ‘water’, سٜندُغٛ ‘to separate’, حٜندُ ‘wind’, جٛوندٜ ‘place’ | |
| fub-Latn | <nd> | ndiyam ‘water’, sendugo ‘to separate’, hendu ‘wind’, joonde ‘place’ | |
| ii-Latn | <nd> | ndo ‘drink’ | |
| png-Latn | <nd> | ndaaba, nda̱ka̱re | |
| srr-Arab | <ند> | ندَمْ ‘glory’, اَندِّلࣷورْ ‘sign’, کࣹندّ ‘someone of the same age class’ | |
| srr-Latn | <nd> | ndam ‘glory’, anddiloor ‘sign’, kend ‘someone of the same age class’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ند> | ندِگَّمْ ‘his hip, waste’ | |
| wo-Latn | <nd> | ndiggam ‘his hip, waste’ |
/dː/ - geminate voiced alveolar plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ar-Arab | <د◌ّ> | مدّة ‘duration’ | |
| fub-Arab | <د◌ّ> | تٜدُّنغَلْ ‘glory’ | |
| wo-Arab | <د◌ّ> | اࣵدِّنَ ‘world, earth’ | |
| wo-Latn | <dd> | àddina ‘world, earth’ |
/ɗ/ - voiced alveolar implosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <ɗ> | ɗa ‘do’ | |
| ha-Latn | <ɗ> | ɗaki ‘house’ | |
| srr-Arab | <ط> | طࣹيتْ ‘to look at, consider’, فِطࣹلْ ‘fire’ | |
| srr-Latn | <ɗ> | ɗeet ‘to look at, consider’, fiɗel ‘fire’ |
Dentals
Section titled “Dentals”/d̪/ - voiced dental plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ast-Latn | <d> | dibuxu ‘drawing’ | Sound is often close to /ð/ |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ބައްދަލު | Occurs before ‹ދ› to indicate a geminate. |
| dv-Thaa | <ދ> | ދޫނި | |
| es-Latn | <d> | dama ‘lady’ | Sound is often close to [ð] |
| ne-Deva | <द> | दाँत ‘tooth’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <д> | дать ‘give’ | Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a voiced consonant |
| ru-Cyrl | <т> | футбо́л ‘football’ | Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
/d̪ʰ/ - aspirated voiced dental plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ne-Deva | <ध> | धन्यवाद ‘thank you’ |
/d̪ʲ/ - palatalized voiced dental plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ru-Cyrl | <дь> | ходьба́ ‘walking’ | Preceding a vowel or a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
| ru-Cyrl | <д> | де́ло ‘matter’ | Preceding ‹я, ё, е, ю, и› |
| ru-Cyrl | <ть> | жени́тьба ‘marriage’ | Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
/ⁿd̪/ - prenasalized voiced dental plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| dv-Thaa | <ނދ> | ހަނދު | In older orthography, not distinguished from a voiced dental stop and thus written ‹ދ›. |
| lbw-Latn | <nd> | ndee ‘usually’, pundi ‘banana’ |
/ɗ̪/ - voiced dental implosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <ط> | طُوطُغٛ ‘to increase’, يٜىٰطُغٛ ‘to live’, مِوٜىٰطِ ‘I opened’, کٛ کُووْطَ? ‘What did you do?’ | |
| fub-Latn | <ɗ> | ɗuuɗugo ‘to increase’, yeeɗugo ‘to live’, mi weeɗi ‘I opened’, Ko kuuwɗa? ‘What did you do?’ |
Linguolabials
Section titled “Linguolabials”/d̼/ - voiced linguolabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nat-Latn | <dw> | dandwo ‘up’, dwuma̱ ‘shake’ |