Grapheme Data for Adawama Fulfulde with Latin script
This information comes from the Alphabet and Orthography Statement for Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya by Scott Clark, M.A.
Contributor: Lorna Evans
Also available for Arabic script.
| Grapheme | USV | Phoneme | Status | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <aa> | 0061 0061 | /aː/ | expected | naane ‘previously’, walaa ‘nothing’, bilaa ‘without’ | |
| <a> | 0061 | /a/ | expected | alkawal ‘promise’, kalhaldi ‘bull’, reeta ‘half’ | |
| <b> | 0062 | /b/ | expected | baawɗe ‘authority’, dimbaago ‘to shake’, cub ‘early’, njaabe! ‘answer! (pl)’ | |
| <c> | 0063 | /tʃ/ | expected | ceede ‘money’, accugo ‘to let’, hacci ‘smells bad’, mi hooci ‘I took’ | |
| <c> | 0063 | /θ/ | common | ceede ‘money’, accugo ‘to let’, hacci ‘smells bad’, mi hooci ‘I took’ | dialect variants in pronunciation |
| <c> | 0063 | /ʃ/ | common | ceede ‘money’, accugo ‘to let’, hacci ‘smells bad’, mi hooci ‘I took’ | dialect variants in pronunciation |
| <d> | 0064 | /d/ | expected | duule ‘cloud’, sujidango ‘to bow down’ | |
| <d> | 0064 | /dˤ/ | rare | daruura ‘mistake’ | borrowed words only |
| <ee> | 0065 0065 | /eː/ | expected | eeŋgtugo ‘to go up’, jawleeru ‘meeting room’, reedu ‘stomach’, bee ‘and, with’ | |
| <e> | 0065 | /e/ | expected | enɗam ‘mercy’, jemma ‘night’, deftere ‘book’ | |
| <f> | 0066 | /f/ | expected | fulɓe ‘Fulani People’, tefugo ‘to search’, mi tufi ‘I pricked, injected’, fuufu ‘lung’ | |
| <g> | 0067 | /χ/ | rare | gaafara ‘excuse, sorry’ | borrowed words only |
| <g> | 0067 | /g/ | expected | gootel ‘one’, sigaago ‘to keep or store’, o soggi ‘ He drove (animals)’, go ‘one, or that before’ | |
| <h> | 0068 | /h/ | expected | haajugo ‘to envy’, yahugo ‘to go’, yah! ‘go!’, mi saahi ‘I gave (freely)’ | |
| <ii> | 0069 0069 | /iː/ | expected | iinaaɗo ‘promised one’, biriiji ‘peanuts’, ɓii ‘son of…’ | |
| <i> | 0069 | /i/ | expected | ittugo ‘to take out’, kirke ‘saddle’, lekki ‘tree’ | |
| <j> | 006A | /dʒ/ | expected | jippaago ‘to come down’, yejjitugo ‘to forget’, ndiyamji ‘waters’, soobaajo ‘friend’ | |
| <j> | 006A | /z/ | rare | Jabuura ‘Psalms’ | borrowed words only, in the Maroua area it is sometimes pronounced with a /z/ sound |
| <j> | 006A | /ð/ | rare | jamba ‘to cheat’, junuuba ‘sin to God’, kaja ‘something’ | borrowed words only |
| <j> | 006A | /ðˤ/ | rare | juhra “two o’clock prayer”, jaahiri “visible”, waaju “preach” | borrowed words only, in the Maroua area it is sometimes pronounced with a /z/ sound |
| <kh> | 006B 0068 | /x/ | rare | khabaru ‘news’ | borrowed words only |
| <k> | 006B | /χ/ | rare | Isiyaku ‘Isaac’ | borrowed words only |
| <k> | 006B | /k/ | expected | keefeero ‘pagan’, hakkunde ‘between’, hakke ‘sin’, mi wooki ‘I cried’ | |
| <l> | 006C | /l/ | expected | lekki ‘tree, medicine’, gilɗi ‘worms’, ballal ‘help’, poola ‘dove’, laamu ‘kingdom, rule’, silaawo ‘basket’ | |
| <mb> | 006D 0062 | /ᵐb/ | expected | mbarugo ‘to kill’, fombina ‘south’ | |
| <m> | 006D | /m/ | expected | maayo ‘river’, meemugo ‘to touch’, mi numi ‘I thought, think’, nyaame! ‘eat! (pl.)’ | |
| <nd> | 006E 0064 | /ⁿd/ | expected | ndiyam ‘water’, sendugo ‘to separate’, hendu ‘wind’, joonde ‘place’ | |
| <ng> | 006E 0067 | /ᵑg/ | expected | ngaynaaka ‘pasture’, yaynango ‘to shine to’ | |
| <nj> | 006E 006A | /dʒ/ | expected | njaareendi ‘sand’, mi sanja ‘I change’, mi waanja ‘I pour out’ | |
| <ny> | 006E 0079 | /ɲ/ | expected | nyaamdu ‘food’, lenyol ‘family/clan’, sonyo ‘sound’, mi toonya ‘I persecute’, o danyi ‘she gave birth’ | |
| <n> | 006E | /n/ | expected | narral ‘fellowship’, hunaago ‘to swear oath’, nano ‘left’, jarne ‘garden’ | |
| <oo> | 006F 006F | /oː/ | expected | oorugo ‘to graze (cows)’, kiitoowo ‘judge’, boo ‘also’ | |
| <o> | 006F | /o/ | expected | oppere ‘fever’, dokkal ‘gift’, hokkugo ‘to give’ | |
| <p> | 0070 | /p/ | expected | pukaraajo ‘student’, jippaago ‘to come down’, sappo ‘ten’, loope ‘mud’ | |
| <rr> | 0072 0072 | /r/ | expected | torraago ‘to trouble’ | |
| <r> | 0072 | /ɾ/ | expected | raneere ‘white’, tornde ‘supplication’, fajiri ‘morning’, asar ‘waste’ | |
| <s> | 0073 | /s/ | expected | seyo ‘happy’, kisndam ‘salvation’, noogas ‘twenty’, Sa! ‘Wow!’ | |
| <s> | 0073 | /sˤ/ | rare | sawtu ‘voice’, Misra ‘Egypt’ | borrowed words only |
| <th> | 0074 0068 | /θ/ | rare | mithaalu ‘example’ | borrowed words only |
| <t> | 0074 | /t/ | expected | tedduŋgal ‘glory’, nastugo ‘to enter’, gite ‘eyes’, fakat! ‘true!’, to ‘if’ | |
| <uu> | 0075 0075 | /uː/ | expected | uurgo ‘to smell good’, mi huuwi ‘I worked’, fuu ‘all’ | |
| <u> | 0075 | /u/ | expected | urdi ‘perfume’, wujaago ‘to rub’, puccu ‘horse’ | |
| <w> | 0077 | /w/ | expected | wolde ‘word’, jawdi ‘wealth’, mi nyawi ‘I am sick’, mi waawi ‘I can (able)’ | |
| <y> | 0079 | /j/ | expected | yettoore ‘thanksgiving’, hoynugo ‘to be easy’, nayi ‘four’, muuyo ‘will (of God)’ | |
| <ŋ> | 014B | /ŋ/ | expected | ŋarol ‘beauty’, waŋgingo ‘to show’, ɓiŋgel ‘child’, mi baŋgi ‘I married’, O waŋga ‘he shows’ | |
| <ƴ> | 01B4 | /jˤ/ | expected | ƴamol ‘question’, ƴiƴam ‘blood’, himƴa ‘wink’, ɓooƴe ‘kidneys’ | always takes a vowel marker (or sukun) and is therefore never confused with similar shaped characters with a hamza over them |
| <ɓ> | 0253 | /ɓ/ | expected | ɓandu ‘body’, haɓre ‘fight’, ɓiɓɓe ‘offspring’, huuwooɓe ‘workers’ | |
| <ɗ> | 0257 | /ɗ̪/ | expected | ɗuuɗugo ‘to increase’, yeeɗugo ‘to live’, mi weeɗi ‘I opened’, Ko kuuwɗa? ‘What did you do?’ | |
| <ʼ> | 02BC | /ʔ/ | expected | yiʼgo ‘to see’, mi yiʼi ‘I saw’, moʼʼere ‘grace’ |