Graphemes for /dʒ/ and Related Phonemes
Post-alveolars
Section titled “Post-alveolars”/dʒ/ - voiced post-alveolar affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <j> | jeeran ‘neighbors’ | Persson orthography |
| apd-Latn | <ǧ> | ǧeeraan ‘neighbors’ | Hillelson orthography |
| ar-Arab | <ج> | مجلتنا ‘our magazine’ | |
| ast-Latn | <yy> | yyave ‘key’ | Only in some places of Western Asturian |
| bcy-Latn | <j> | je ‘children’ | |
| de-Latn | <dsch> | Dschungel ‘jungle’ | Loan words and transliterations |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ކުއްޖާ | Occurs before ‹ޖ› to indicate a geminate. |
| dv-Thaa | <ޖ> | ޖަހަނީ | |
| en-Latn | <dge> | bridge | |
| en-Latn | <g> | gem | Before e and i |
| en-Latn | <j> | jam | |
| fub-Arab | <ج> | جِݠَّغٛ ‘to come down’, يٜجِّتُغٛ ‘to forget’, ندِيَمْجِ ‘waters’, سٛوبَاجٛ ‘friend’ | |
| fub-Latn | <j> | jippaago ‘to come down’, yejjitugo ‘to forget’, ndiyamji ‘waters’, soobaajo ‘friend’ | |
| ha-Latn | <j> | jiki ‘body’ | |
| id-Latn | <j> | jajar ‘a row’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <j> | juta ‘million’ | In words borrowed from Indonesian, which uses the grapheme ‹j› for this phoneme |
| nat-Latn | <j> | ajaba ‘river’, jindana ‘climb’ | |
| ne-Deva | <ज> | जनै ‘sacred thread’ | |
| png-Latn | <j> | ja̱a̱, bijooshiipa | |
| srr-Arab | <ج> | جَݒِلْ ‘knife’ | |
| srr-Latn | <j> | japil ‘knife’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ج> | جࣵمّ ‘peace’ | |
| wo-Latn | <j> | jàmm ‘peace’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⳝ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <j> | ||
| yba-Latn | <j> | eje |
/dʒʷ/ - labialized voiced post-alveolar affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| png-Latn | <jw> | jwara̱ga, jwasu |
/dʒ/ - prenasalized voiced post-alveolar affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <نج> | نجَارٜىٰندِ ‘sand’, مِسَنجَ ‘I change’, مِوَانجَ ‘I pour out’ | |
| fub-Latn | <nj> | njaareendi ‘sand’, mi sanja ‘I change’, mi waanja ‘I pour out’ | |
| png-Latn | <nj> | njibi, njeke | |
| srr-Arab | <نج> | نجࣷمْ ‘traditional fight’, سِنجيࣷ ‘build’, ݖِنجّ ‘after’ | when word final it uses a shadda |
| srr-Latn | <nj> | njom ‘traditional fight’, sinjyo ‘build’, cinj ‘after’ | |
| wo-Arab | <نج> | نجࣷال ‘tall’ | |
| wo-Latn | <nj> | njool ‘tall’ |
/dʒː/ - geminate voiced post-alveolar affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <ج◌ّ> | مَجِّتِ | |
| wo-Arab | <ج◌ّ> | مُجّࣹ ‘to (do, be) last’ | |
| wo-Latn | <jj> | mujje ‘to (do, be) last’ |
Alveo-palatals
Section titled “Alveo-palatals”/dʑ/ - voiced alveo-palatal affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Latn | <jj> | jjup ‘track’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <чь> | Дочь бы ‘a daughter would’ | Preceding a voiced consonant |
| ru-Cyrl | <ч> | начди́в ‘chief’ | Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
/ᶮdʑ/ - prenasalized voiced alveo-palatal affricate
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Latn | <nj> | njot ‘freeze’ |
Palatals
Section titled “Palatals”/ʝ/ - voiced palatal affricate
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