Graphemes for /k/ and Related Phonemes

Velars

/k/ - voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<k>	kubri ‘bridge’
ar-Arab	<ك>	مكتبه ‘his office’
ast-Latn	<c>	casu ‘case’	'c' can be used for [k] before a, o and u
ast-Latn	<k>	keplerianu ‘keplerian’	loan words
ast-Latn	<qu>	quesu ‘cheese’	'qu' occurs only before e and i
bcy-Latn	<k>	kada ‘tree’
bec-Latn	<k>	kam ‘squeeze’, ɔkambɛ ‘rope’
blt-Tavt	<ꪀ>	ꪀꪲꪙ ‘to eat’, ꪬꪷꪀ ‘to break’	low tone series (syll. init.), and syllable final
blt-Tavt	<ꪁ>	ꪁꪾ ‘gold’	high tone series (syll. init.)
de-Latn	<ch>	Chor ‘chorus’	Loan words
de-Latn	<ck>	schicken ‘send’, Acker ‘fields’
de-Latn	<c>	Café ‘coffee house’	Loan words
de-Latn	<k-k>	schik-ken ‘send’	Hyphenated form of ‹ck›
de-Latn	<k>	Kinder ‘children’
dv-Thaa	<ކ>	ކުކުޅު
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	ރުއް	Occurs in syllable codas, i.e. any time the /k/ is not immediately followed by a vowel. It is pronounced as [ʔ], [ŋ] or a gemination of the following consonant, depending on context.
en-Latn	<ch>	school
en-Latn	<ck>	lock
en-Latn	<c>	cat	Before a, o and u
en-Latn	<k>	keep
en-Latn	<qu>	mosquito	Loan words from Spanish
en-Latn	<qu>	quick
en-Latn	<x>	tax
es-Latn	<c>	calor ‘heat’
es-Latn	<k>	kilómetro ‘kilometer’	Loan words
es-Latn	<qu>	quien ‘who’	‹qu› occurs only before e and i
fub-Arab	<ک>	کٜىٰڢٜىٰرٛ ‘pagan’, حَکُّندٜ ‘between’, حَکّٜ ‘sin’, مِوٛوکِ ‘I cried’
fub-Latn	<k>	keefeero ‘pagan’, hakkunde ‘between’, hakke ‘sin’, mi wooki ‘I cried’
ha-Latn	<k>	kasuwa ‘market’
id-Latn	<k>	kurus ‘thin’, angka ‘number’
ii-Latn	<g>	ga ‘give’
lbw-Latn	<k>	kare ‘leg, foot’, haki ‘pain’
nat-Latn	<k>	kaata ‘spider’, a̱kuku ‘top of head’
ne-Deva	<क>	केटी ‘girl’
png-Latn	<k>	kiki, ka̱ta̱ku
ru-Cyrl	<г>	бе́гство ‘escape’, флаг ‘flag’	Preceding a voiceless consonant or if word-final
ru-Cyrl	<к>	кость ‘bone’	Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у›, a voiceless consonant, or ‹л, м, н, р, в›, or if word-final
srr-Arab	<ک>	کِينْ ‘person’	when word final it uses a shadda
srr-Latn	<k>	kiin ‘person’
wo-Arab	<ک>	کࣴرْ ‘house’
wo-Latn	<k>	kër ‘house’
xnz-Copt	<ⲕ>
xnz-Latn	<k>
yba-Latn	<k>	uku

/kʰ/ - aspirated voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ii-Latn	<k>	ke ‘dog’
ne-Deva	<ख>	खेल्नु ‘to play’

/kʷ/ - labialized voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bec-Latn	<kw>	kwo ‘die’, ɛkwalɛghɛ ‘fingernail’
ha-Latn	<kw>	kwara ‘pour out much’
nat-Latn	<kw>	a̱kwa̱ga̱ ‘chameleon’, ukwakwa ‘millipede’
png-Latn	<kw>	kwane̱, rukwanyan

/kʲ/ - palatalized voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<ky>	kyanatə ‘poison’
ha-Latn	<ky>	kyauta ‘gift’
nat-Latn	<ky>	akyakya ‘old mat’, okyamo ‘yellow bat’
png-Latn	<ky>	kyabari, ta̱kyau
ru-Cyrl	<кь>	секью́рити ‘security’	Preceding either a vowel, voiceless consonant, or ‹л, м, н, р, в›, or if word-final
ru-Cyrl	<к>	кино́ ‘movie’	Preceding ‹ё, е, и›

/ᵑk/ - prenasalized voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
wo-Arab	<نک>	بَنکَ ‘to be broke’
wo-Latn	<nk>	banka ‘to be broke’

/kː/ - geminate voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<ك◌ّ>	ساكن سكّان ‘resident population’
fub-Arab	<ک◌ّ>	حَکُّندٜ ‘between’
wo-Arab	<ک◌ّ>	لࣵکّ ‘to speak a language’
wo-Latn	<kk>	làkk ‘to speak a language’

/k'/ - voiceless velar ejective

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ha-Latn	<ƙ>	ƙato ‘lively’

/kʷ'/ - labialized voiceless velar ejective

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ha-Latn	<ƙw>	ƙwai ‘egg’

/kʲ'/ - palatalized voiceless velar ejective

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ha-Latn	<ƙy>	ƙyale ‘to ignore’

Double articulations involving /k/ - voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Phoneme	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	/k͡p/	<kp>	kpa ‘calabash’
bec-Latn	/k͡p/	<kp>	kpiili ‘tie’, ɔkpʉmʉ ‘bottle’
png-Latn	/k͡p/	<kp>	kpaata, kpukpukpu

Sequences including /k/ - voiceless velar plosive

Writing System	Phoneme Sequence	Grapheme	Example	Notes
de-Latn	/kn/	<kn>	Knochen ‘bone’
de-Latn	/kv/	<qu>	Quelle ‘source’
de-Latn	/ks/	<x>	Text ‘text’, exzellente ‘excellent’	Primarily loan words
es-Latn	/kw/	<gü>	lingüístico ‘linguistic’
es-Latn	/ks/	<x>	conexión ‘connection’
ii-Yiii	/ke/	<ꇚ>	ꃰꐛꇚ ‘it might snow’
ii-Yiii	/ke/	<ꇛ>
ii-Yiii	/ke/	<ꇜ>	ꇜ ‘official’
ii-Yiii	/ke/	<ꇝ>	ꇝ ‘concerned about’
ii-Yiii	/ke̙/	<ꇞ>
ii-Yiii	/ke̙/	<ꇟ>
ii-Yiii	/ke̙/	<ꇠ>	ꐍꇠ ‘silver throat ornament’
ii-Yiii	/ke̙/	<ꇡ>	ꀊꇡꌯ (interjection expressing surprise or fear)
ii-Yiii	/kä̙/	<ꇢ>	ꅲꇢ ‘forehead’
ii-Yiii	/kä̙/	<ꇣ>	ꇣꋦ ‘crops’
ii-Yiii	/kä̙/	<ꇤ>	ꁡꇤ ‘village’
ii-Yiii	/kä̙/	<ꇥ>	ꇥꉧ ‘tongs’
ii-Yiii	/ko̙/	<ꇦ>	ꇦꏦ ‘ridge beam’
ii-Yiii	/ko̙/	<ꇧ>	ꇨꂅꇧꑣ ‘agitated’
ii-Yiii	/ko̙/	<ꇨ>	ꀉꇨ ‘hard’
ii-Yiii	/ko̙/	<ꇩ>	ꄽꇩ ‘unbearable’
ii-Yiii	/ko/	<ꇪ>	ꂷꇪ ‘bamboo fence’
ii-Yiii	/ko/	<ꇫ>	ꏂꇫ ‘plan’
ii-Yiii	/ko/	<ꇬ>	ꀑꇬ ‘life’
ii-Yiii	/ko/	<ꇭ>	ꇭꀧ ‘body’
ii-Yiii	/kɤ/	<ꇮ>	ꇮꃀ ‘craftsman’
ii-Yiii	/kɤ/	<ꇯ>	ꇯꍝ ‘real’
ii-Yiii	/kɤ/	<ꇰ>	ꅇꇰ ‘notify’
ii-Yiii	/kɤ/	<ꇱ>	ꇱ ‘add’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ̙/	<ꇲ>	ꁯꇲ ‘mussel shell’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ/	<ꇳ>	ꇳꇐ ‘mule’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ/	<ꇴ>	ꇴ ‘call’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ/	<ꇵ>	ꇵꆹ ‘neck’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ̙/	<ꇶ>	ꇶꑻ ‘clean out’
ii-Yiii	/kʉ̙/	<ꇷ>	ꀍꇷ ‘wild cat’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe/	<ꇸ>	ꒉꇸꇉ ‘water well’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe/	<ꇹ>	ꇹꄣ ‘direct’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe/	<ꇺ>	ꎸꇺ ‘iron nail’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe/	<ꇻ>	ꅼꇻ ‘deep’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe̙/	<ꇼ>
ii-Yiii	/kʰe̙/	<ꇽ>	ꌩꁧꇽ ‘chop down a tree’
ii-Yiii	/kʰe̙/	<ꇾ>	ꋊꇾ ‘end the family line by having no sons’
ii-Yiii	/kʰä̙/	<ꇿ>	ꉌꇿ ‘happy’
ii-Yiii	/kʰä̙/	<ꈀ>	ꈀꄸ ‘who’
ii-Yiii	/kʰä̙/	<ꈁ>	ꃅꑭꈁ ‘horse hoof’
ii-Yiii	/kʰä̙/	<ꈂ>	ꈂꀸ ‘mouth’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo̙/	<ꈃ>
ii-Yiii	/kʰo̙/	<ꈄ>	ꌳꈄ ‘hero’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo̙/	<ꈅ>	ꃘꈅ ‘six large basketfuls’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo/	<ꈆ>	ꋍꈆ ‘one large basketful’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo/	<ꈇ>	ꈇꈁ ‘sturdy’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo/	<ꈈ>	ꀃꈈ ‘door’
ii-Yiii	/kʰo/	<ꈉ>	ꌩꈉ ‘pile of firewood’
ii-Yiii	/kʰɤ/	<ꈊ>	ꈊꃀ ‘evening’
ii-Yiii	/kʰɤ/	<ꈋ>	ꃅꈋ ‘region’
ii-Yiii	/kʰɤ/	<ꈌ>	ꈌꃶ ‘rabid dog’
ii-Yiii	/kʰɤ/	<ꈍ>	ꈍꃅ ‘how’
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ̙/	<ꈎ>	ꈎꄜ ‘age’
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ/	<ꈏ>	ꇤꈏ ‘fire pit’
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ/	<ꈐ>	ꈐꏭ ‘inside’
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ/	<ꈑ>	ꀑꈑ ‘pillow’
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ̙/	<ꈒ>
ii-Yiii	/kʰʉ̙/	<ꈓ>	ꇓꈓ ‘town’