Graphemes for /l/ and Related Phonemes
Alveolars
Section titled “Alveolars”/l/ - alveolar lateral approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <l> | laban ‘milk’ | |
| ar-Arab | <ل> | مجلتنا ‘our magazine’ | |
| ast-Latn | <l> | sele ‘calmly’ | |
| bcy-Latn | <l> | lagba ‘youngman’ | |
| bec-Latn | <l> | lii ‘look for’, ilolu ‘beard’, avel ‘hunting net’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪨ> | ꪨꪷꪉ ‘after’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪩ> | ꪩꪴꪀ ‘child’ | high tone series (syll. init.) |
| de-Latn | <ll> | alle ‘all’ | |
| de-Latn | <l> | Leben ‘life” | |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ގެއްލުން | Occurs before ‹ލ› to indicate a geminate. |
| dv-Thaa | <ލ> | ލޯބި | |
| en-Latn | <le> | trouble | |
| en-Latn | <l> | lake | |
| es-Latn | <l> | luz ‘light’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ل> | لٜکِّ ‘tree, medicine’, غِلْطِ ‘worms’, بَلَّلْ ‘help’, ݠٛولَ ‘dove’, لاَمُ ‘kingdom, rule’, سِلاَوٛ ‘basket’ | |
| fub-Latn | <l> | lekki ‘tree, medicine’, gilɗi ‘worms’, ballal ‘help’, poola ‘dove’, laamu ‘kingdom, rule’, silaawo ‘basket’ | |
| ha-Latn | <l> | likita ‘doctor’ | |
| id-Latn | <l> | lihat ‘see’ | |
| ii-Latn | <l> | le ‘ox’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <l> | lako ‘go’, dale ‘luck, fortune’ | |
| nat-Latn | <l> | lalaga ‘chatting’, olanlan ‘cloud’ | |
| ne-Deva | <ल> | लेख्नु ‘to write’ | |
| png-Latn | <l> | leemu, langa | Loan words only |
| ru-Cyrl | <л> | луна́ ‘moon’ | Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a consonant, or if word-final |
| srr-Arab | <لا> | لاَمِتْ ‘to ask a question’ | |
| srr-Arab | <ل> | لَسْ ‘tail’ | |
| srr-Latn | <l> | las ‘tail’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ل> | لࣵکّ ‘to speak a language’ | |
| wo-Latn | <l> | làkk ‘to speak a language’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⲗ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <l> | ||
| yba-Latn | <l> | ɔla |
/lʲ/ - palatalized alveolar lateral approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <ly> | lyentə ‘work’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <ль> | боль ‘pain’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <л> | лес ‘forest’ | Preceding ‹я, ё, е, ю, и› |
/lː/ - geminate alveolar lateral approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ar-Arab | <ل◌ّ> | تلّ ‘hill’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ل◌ّ> | بَلَّلْ ‘help’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ل◌ّ> | دࣹلّࣷو ‘to return (something’ | |
| wo-Latn | <ll> | delloo ‘to return (something’ |
Sequences including /l/ - alveolar lateral approximant
| Writing System | Phoneme Sequence | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e/ | <ꆗ> | ꆗ ‘dry in the sun’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e/ | <ꆘ> | ꆘꅝ ‘lose’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e/ | <ꆙ> | ꆙ ‘graze’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e/ | <ꆚ> | ꆚꈈ ‘flail’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e̙/ | <ꆛ> | ꆛꇤ ‘spill’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e̙/ | <ꆜ> | ꆜ ‘spleen’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥e̙/ | <ꆝ> | ꆝꏭꆜꏯ ‘loose’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ä̙/ | <ꆞ> | ꆞꐟ ‘trousers’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ä̙/ | <ꆟ> | ꒌꈯꆟꈯ ‘extremely afraid’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ä̙/ | <ꆠ> | ꁂꆠ ‘cloth strips for lighting fire’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ä̙/ | <ꆡ> | ꆡꁠ ‘small flat cake’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o̙/ | <ꆢ> | ꁂꆢꁁꆣ ‘frivolous’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o̙/ | <ꆣ> | ꆣ ‘shake’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o̙/ | <ꆤ> | ꋍꁠꆤ ‘a mouthful’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o/ | <ꆥ> | ꍯꆥ ‘rice seedlings’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o/ | <ꆦ> | ꆦꁧ ‘plant sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥o/ | <ꆧ> | ꆧꁨ ‘moon’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɤ/ | <ꆨ> | ꀊꆨꃀ ‘long ago’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɤ/ | <ꆩ> | ꆩꅍ ‘hat sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɤ/ | <ꆪ> | ꆪꈻ ‘postpone’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ̙/ | <ꆫ> | ꆫꃅꊿ ‘shepherd’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ/ | <ꆬ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ/ | <ꆭ> | ꆭꑆ ‘leather’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ/ | <ꆮ> | ꁯꆮ ‘butterfly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ̙/ | <ꆯ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ʉ̙/ | <ꆰ> | ꆰ ‘burn’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ̙/ | <ꆱ> | ꒊꆱ ‘bellows’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ/ | <ꆲ> | ꆲꌙ ‘breeze’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ/ | <ꆳ> | ꃅꆳ ‘the wind’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ/ | <ꆴ> | ꆴꁮꆱꁮ ‘sloshing around’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ̙/ | <ꆵ> | ꆵꅐ ‘old’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /l̥ɨ̙/ | <ꆶ> | ꆶ ‘escape’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le/ | <ꆷ> | ꆷꃹ ‘idle’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le/ | <ꆸ> | ꆸꄜ ‘loft’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le/ | <ꆹ> | ꆹꈈ ‘plowshare’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le/ | <ꆺ> | ꆺꄝ ‘throat’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le̙/ | <ꆻ> | ꆻꄧ (place in Yuexi County) | |
| ii-Yiii | /le̙/ | <ꆼ> | ꆼꑐ ‘crowded’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le̙/ | <ꆽ> | ꆽꄿ ‘neck’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /le̙/ | <ꆾ> | ꆾꀠ ‘rough’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lä̙/ | <ꆿ> | ꆿꐛ ‘damaged’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lä̙/ | <ꇀ> | ꇀꃼ ‘left side’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lä̙/ | <ꇁ> | ꇁꄿ ‘ravine’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lä̙/ | <ꇂ> | ꇂꈪ ‘bent’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo̙/ | <ꇃ> | ꇃꈡ ‘spade-hoe’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo̙/ | <ꇄ> | ꇄꌠ ‘suddenly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo̙/ | <ꇅ> | ꋍꇅꋒ ‘a handful’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo̙/ | <ꇆ> | ꇆꆉ ‘deep forest’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo/ | <ꇇ> | ꇇꀤ ‘help’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo/ | <ꇈ> | ꇈꉌ ‘field mouse’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo/ | <ꇉ> | ꇉꌧꂓ ‘walnut’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lo/ | <ꇊ> | ꇊꃀ ‘grinding basin’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɤ/ | <ꇋ> | ꇷꇋ ‘frighten’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɤ/ | <ꇌ> | ꇌꎶ ‘steer’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɤ/ | <ꇍ> | ꇍꀮ ‘river deer’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ̙/ | <ꇎ> | ꇎ ‘enough’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ/ | <ꇏ> | ꉂꇏꌋꀕ ‘protruding’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ/ | <ꇐ> | ꇐꀳ ‘proverb’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ/ | <ꇑ> | ꇑꑣ ‘seize’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ̙/ | <ꇒ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /lʉ̙/ | <ꇓ> | ꇓꂵ ‘stone’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ̙/ | <ꇔ> | ꇔꇷ ‘artisan’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ/ | <ꇕ> | ꇕꏒ ‘sigh’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ/ | <ꇖ> | ꇖ ‘four’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ/ | <ꇗ> | ꇗꐛ ‘tangled’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ̙/ | <ꇘ> | ꇘꑐ ‘shake’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /lɨ̙/ | <ꇙ> | ꇙ ‘move’ |
Retroflex
Section titled “Retroflex”/ɭ/ - retroflex lateral approximant
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| dv-Thaa | <ޅ> | ރާޅު |