Graphemes for /m/ and Related Phonemes
Bilabials
Section titled “Bilabials”/m/ - bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <m> | mooya ‘water’ | |
| ar-Arab | <م> | مكتبه ‘his office’, طائرتهم ‘their aeroplane’ | |
| ast-Latn | <m> | cama ‘bed’ | |
| bcy-Latn | <m> | mare ‘oil’ | |
| bec-Latn | <mw> | yumwe ‘pierce’ | Labialised in environment u_e |
| bec-Latn | <m> | mati ‘calf of leg’, ɔtʉmʉ ‘work’, ɔciam ‘friend’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪢ> | ꪻꪢ꪿ ‘new’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪣ> | ꪘꪱꪣ ‘thorn’ | syllable final |
| de-Latn | <mm> | Himmel ‘sky, heaven’ | |
| de-Latn | <m> | mit ‘with’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <ނ◌ް> | އަންބި، ކަން | Occurs before a bilabial consonant (where it is pronounced [m]) or word finally (where it is pronounced [ŋ]). |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | މުހިއްމު | Occurs before ‹މ› to indicate a geminate; only used in words of foreign origin. |
| dv-Thaa | <މ> | މަސް | |
| en-Latn | <m> | man | |
| es-Latn | <m> | madre ‘mother’ | |
| fub-Arab | <م> | مَايْ ‘river’, مٜىٰمُغٛ ‘to touch’, مِنُمِ ‘I thought, think’, ࢩَامٜ! ‘eat! (pl.)’ | |
| fub-Latn | <m> | maayo ‘river’, meemugo ‘to touch’, mi numi ‘I thought, think’, nyaame! ‘eat! (pl.)’ | |
| ha-Latn | <m> | makaho ‘blind’ | |
| id-Latn | <m> | maka ‘so’ | |
| ii-Latn | <m> | mo ‘see’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <m> | manu ‘chicken’, ramo ‘meat’ | |
| nat-Latn | <m> | madale ‘sit down’, makuru ‘traditional skirt’ | |
| ne-Deva | <म> | मीठो ‘tasty’ | |
| png-Latn | <m> | makeeru, me̱mi | |
| ru-Cyrl | <м> | мы́ло ‘soap’ | Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a consonant, or if word-final |
| srr-Arab | <م> | مَادْ ‘king’, رِمْ ‘to beget’ | |
| srr-Latn | <m> | maad ‘king’, rim ‘to beget’ | |
| wo-Arab | <م> | مَرْ ‘to be thirsty’ | |
| wo-Latn | <m> | mar ‘to be thirsty’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⲙ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <m> | ||
| yba-Latn | <m> | ma |
/m̥/ - voiceless bilablial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Latn | <hm> | hmat ‘instruct’ |
/mʷ/ - labialized bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bec-Latn | <mw> | mwem ‘all’ | |
| nat-Latn | <mw> | mwonda ‘run’, amwonye ‘hemp leaf’ | |
| png-Latn | <mw> | mwaan, umwii |
/mʲ/ - palatalized bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <my> | myentə ‘life’ | |
| nat-Latn | <my> | emya ‘lower’, ga̱mya̱ ‘join’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <мь> | семь ‘seven’ | |
| ru-Cyrl | <м> | мя́со ‘meat’ | Preceding ‹я, ё, е, ю, и› |
/mː/ - geminate bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ar-Arab | <م◌ّ> | عامّل ‘worker’ | |
| fub-Arab | <م◌ّ> | جٜمَّ ‘night’ | |
| wo-Arab | <م◌ّ> | جࣵمّ ‘peace’ | |
| wo-Latn | <mm> | jàmm ‘peace’ |
/m̩/ - syllabic bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| png-Latn | <mꞌ> | mꞌba̱sa̱, mꞌbaa |
Double articulations involving /m/ - bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Phoneme | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bec-Latn | /ŋ͡m/ | <ŋm> | ɔŋmaŋa ‘face-dye plant’ |
Sequences including /m/ - bilabial nasal
| Writing System | Phoneme Sequence | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| blt-Tavt | /am/ | <◌ꪾ> | ꪜꪾ꫁ ‘to cut down’, ꪙꪾ꫁ ‘water’ | ligature: short /a/ + /m/ |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂑ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂒ> | ꂒꋉ ‘give a name’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂓ> | ꂓꅑ ‘be famous’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e/ | <ꂔ> | ꂔ ‘cooked’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂕ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂖ> | ꂖ ‘flick’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥e̙/ | <ꂗ> | ꂴꍵ ‘long knife’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂘ> | ꂘ ‘teach’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂙ> | ꂙꃨ ‘azalea’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂚ> | ꂚ (a family name) | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ä̙/ | <ꂛ> | ꂛꊨ ‘brother’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂜ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂝ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o̙/ | <ꂞ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂟ> | ꋚꂟ ‘beg for food’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂠ> | ꏃꂠ ‘guide’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂡ> | ꂡꌙ ‘hope’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥o/ | <ꂢ> | ꂢ ‘blow’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂣ> | ꂣꈓ ‘lap’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂤ> | ꂤꏂ ‘sand’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂥ> | ꂥ ‘mushroom’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ/ | <ꂦ> | ꄔꃛꂦ ‘a piece of bean curd’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂧ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ʉ̙/ | <ꂨ> | ꂨ ‘inflate’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂩ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂪ> | ꂪꌦ ‘cloth’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ/ | <ꂫ> | ꉌꊭꂫ ‘bird trap’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ̙/ | <ꂬ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /m̥ɨ̙/ | <ꂭ> | ꑓꋪꂭ ‘close eyes’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂮ> | ꂮ ‘hungry’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂯ> | ꂯꄉ ‘about to’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂰ> | ꀃꂰ ‘tonight’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me/ | <ꂱ> | ꂱꀯ ‘lips’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂲ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂳ> | ꂳꃅ ‘quickly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /me̙/ | <ꂴ> | ꂴꆽ ‘in front’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂵ> | ꀊꂵ ‘grandmother’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂶ> | ꂶꇉ ‘basket sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂷ> | ꂷꉐ ‘rain’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mä̙/ | <ꂸ> | ꂸꃉ ‘bamboo shoots’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂹ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂺ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂻ> | ꂻ ‘to dream’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo̙/ | <ꂼ> | ꀀꂼ ‘a dream’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂽ> | ꂽꑼ ‘a soldier’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂾ> | ꂾꈠ ‘corpse’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꂿ> | ꂿꃅ ‘sky’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mo/ | <ꃀ> | ꀿꃀ ‘parents’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɤ/ | <ꃁ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mɤ/ | <ꃂ> | ꀊꃂ ‘oh no!’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃃ> | ꇨꇅꃃ ‘angry’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃄ> | ꃄꅉ ‘earth’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃅ> | ꃅꄂ ‘cloud’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ/ | <ꃆ> | ꃆꀞ ‘horse’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃇ> | ꃇꌺꅩꌺ ‘siblings’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mʉ̙/ | <ꃈ> | ꃈꄵꀕ ‘by chance’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ̙/ | <ꃉ> | ꃉ ‘lick’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃊ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃋ> | ꀋꃋ ‘daughter’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /mɨ/ | <ꃌ> | ꃌꌺ ‘wife and children’ |
Labiodentals
Section titled “Labiodentals”/ɱ/ - labiodental nasal
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| yba-Latn | <ngm> | ngmo |