Graphemes for /i/ and Related Phonemes

Close

/i/ - close front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<i>	miliH ‘salt’
ar-Arab	<◌ِ>	مَوْعِد ‘appointment’
ast-Latn	<i>	pita ‘hen’
bcy-Latn	<i>	Biyara ‘groundnut’
bec-Latn	<i>	ovile ‘palm tree’, ogbendi ‘parlour’
blt-Tavt	<◌ꪲ>	ꪜꪲ ‘year’
de-Latn	<ieh>	sieht ‘sees’
de-Latn	<ie>	hier ‘here’
de-Latn	<ih>	ihn ‘him’
de-Latn	<i>	Maschine ‘machine’
dv-Thaa	<◌ި>	ރިހި
en-Latn	<ea>	eat
en-Latn	<ee>	feed
en-Latn	<ei>	conceit, protein
en-Latn	<eo>	people
en-Latn	<ey>	key, valley
en-Latn	<e>	he
en-Latn	<ie>	field
en-Latn	<y>	baby
es-Latn	<i>	hijo ‘son’
fub-Arab	<إ>	إِسْحَاـٰقَ ‘Isaac’, إِبْرَاهِيمِ ‘Abraham’	word initial, borrowed words only
fub-Arab	<ع◌ِ>	عِتُّغٛ ‘to take out’	word initial
fub-Arab	<◌ِ>	کِرْکٜ ‘saddle’, لٜکِّ ‘tree’
fub-Latn	<i>	ittugo ‘to take out’, kirke ‘saddle’, lekki ‘tree’
ha-Latn	<i>	cika ‘to fill’
id-Latn	<i>	inti ‘core’, mirip ‘resemble’	Allophone: [ɪ]
lbw-Latn	<i>	ihi ‘contents’, pitu ‘seven’
nat-Latn	<i>	birigi ‘rope’, binici ‘electric cat fish’
ne-Deva	<इ>	इनार ‘well’
ne-Deva	<ई>	गाई ‘cow’
ne-Deva	<◌ि>	पिरो ‘spicy’
ne-Deva	<◌ी>	तीस ‘thirty’
png-Latn	<i>	bici, kiki
ru-Cyrl	<е>	телефо́н ‘telephone’, четы́ре ‘four’	When unstressed and not following an always-hard (non-palatalized) consonant (‹ж, ш, ц›)
ru-Cyrl	<и>	ли́ния ‘line’, и́ли ‘or’	Word-initial or preceeded by palatalized consonants that don't include a ‹ь›
ru-Cyrl	<я>	мясни́к ‘butcher’, ме́сяц ‘month’, пяти́ ‘five’	When unstressed and not part of a grammatical ending, or when stressed and following consonants that cannot be palatalized (ж, ш, щ, ц).
ru-Cyrl	<ё>	трёхсо́т ‘three hundred’, сёгýн ‘shogun’	When unstressed (only in some compound or derived words)
srr-Arab	<ا◌ِ>	اِيࣷ ‘yes’	word initial
srr-Arab	<◌ِ>	جَݒِلْ ‘knife’
srr-Latn	<i>	nim ‘drowse’
wo-Arab	<ا◌ِ>	اِ ‘some’	word initial, alternative form of “ay”
wo-Arab	<◌ِ>	بِرْ ‘to feel certain (that)’
wo-Latn	<i>	bir ‘to feel certain (that)’
xnz-Copt	<ⲏ>		Obsolete for /ɛː/ or /i/
xnz-Copt	<ⲓ>
xnz-Latn	<i>
yba-Latn	<i>	iwi

/ĩ/ - nasalized close front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<◌ٍ>	قاصٍ ‘narrator’
nat-Latn	<in>	a̱pinya̱n ‘here’, biswinyan ‘bee’
ne-Deva	<इ◌ँ>	भुइँ ‘ground’
ne-Deva	<ई◌ं>	तपाईं ‘you’
ne-Deva	<◌ि◌ं>	साहिंला ‘third son’
ne-Deva	<◌ी◌ं>	यहीं ‘right here’
png-Latn	<in>	hin, cincin

/iː/ - lengthened close front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<ii>	dagiig ‘flour’
apd-Latn	<ī>	dagīg ‘flour’	Hillelson orthography
ar-Arab	<ي>	غربي ‘western’
bcy-Latn	<ii>	iise ‘maggot’
dv-Thaa	<◌ީ>	ކީއްވެ
fub-Arab	<ع◌ِي>	عِينَاطٛ ‘promised one’	word initial
fub-Arab	<◌ِي>	بِرِيجِ ‘peanuts’, بِٔي ‘son of…’	unlike the yeh consonant, when yeh elongates a vowel it does not take a sukun
fub-Latn	<ii>	iinaaɗo ‘promised one’, biriiji ‘peanuts’, ɓii ‘son of…’
ha-Latn	<i>	kishi ‘jealousy’
nat-Latn	<ii>	miisa̱ ‘tears’, kiisa̱ ‘small bee’
png-Latn	<ii>	gii, hiiki
srr-Arab	<ا◌ِي>	اِي ‘yes’	word initial
srr-Arab	<ي◌ِ>	هِيدْ ‘year’
srr-Latn	<ii>	niim ‘tree species’
wo-Arab	<◌ِي>	بِيرْ ‘inside’
wo-Latn	<ii>	biir ‘inside’
xnz-Copt	<ⲓ◌̄>
xnz-Latn	<ii>

Near-close

/ɪ/ - near-close near-front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
de-Latn	<i>	bitte ‘please’
en-Latn	<e>	English
en-Latn	<i>	hill
en-Latn	<o>	women
en-Latn	<ui>	build
en-Latn	<u>	busy
en-Latn	<y>	system

Close-mid

/e/ - close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ast-Latn	<e>	peta ‘I feel like’
bcy-Latn	<e>	peke ‘broom’
bec-Latn	<e>	izembi ‘axe’, atimbile ‘squirrel’
bec-Latn	<ie>	kie ‘share’	Non-phonemic [i] is sometimes inserted between velar stops and /e/, mostly in Ici dialect.
blt-Tavt	<ꪹ◌ꪸ>	ꪹꪢꪸꪒ ‘all’
de-Latn	<ee>	Seele ‘soul’
de-Latn	<eh>	mehr ‘more’; gehen ‘go’
de-Latn	<e>	wer ‘who’
dv-Thaa	<◌ެ>	ފެހި
es-Latn	<e>	tres ‘three’
fub-Arab	<ع◌ٜ>	عٜنْطَمْ ‘mercy’	word initial
fub-Arab	<◌ٜ>	جٜمَّ ‘night’, دٜڢْتٜرٜ ‘book’
fub-Latn	<e>	enɗam ‘mercy’, jemma ‘night’, deftere ‘book’
ha-Latn	<e>	kunne ‘ear’
ii-Latn	<i>	idix ‘shirt’
lbw-Latn	<e>	ehe ‘like’, hule ‘heart’	Edwards chose /ɛ/ as the phoneme rather than /e/.
ne-Deva	<ए>	एक ‘one’
ne-Deva	<◌े>	मेरो ‘my’
png-Latn	<e>	gebi, beree
ru-Cyrl	<е>	пень ‘stump’, отве́т ‘answer’,	When stressed, except when following those consonants that cannot be palatalized (ж, ш, щ, ц)
ru-Cyrl	<э>	э́тика ‘ethics’, э́ти ‘these’	When stressed
srr-Arab	<ا◌ࣹ>	اࣹسْ ‘my’	word initial
srr-Arab	<◌ࣹ>	ݖࣹکْ ‘chicken’
srr-Latn	<e>	fel ‘delicious’
wo-Arab	<ا◌ࣹ>	اࣹگّ ‘to arrive’	word initial
wo-Arab	<◌ࣺ>	سࣺرْ ‘skirt cloth’
wo-Latn	<e◌́>	sér ‘skirt cloth’
yba-Latn	<e>	re

/ẽ/ - nasalized close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ne-Deva	<ए◌ँ>	खाएँ ‘ate’
ne-Deva	<◌े◌ँ>	गरेँ ‘did’

/eː/ - lengthened close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<ee>	beet ‘house’
apd-Latn	<ē>	bēt ‘house’	Hillelson orthography
bcy-Latn	<ee>	gbeemtə ‘hornbill’
dv-Thaa	<◌ޭ>	އޭނާ
fub-Arab	<ع◌ٜى◌ٰ>	عٜىٰنغتُغٛ ‘to go up’	word initial
fub-Arab	<ى◌ٰ◌ٜ>	جَوْلٜىٰرُ ‘meeting room’, رٜىٰدُ ‘stomach’, بٜى ‘and, with’
fub-Latn	<ee>	eeŋgtugo ‘to go up’, jawleeru ‘meeting room’, reedu ‘stomach’, bee ‘and, with’
ha-Latn	<e>	keke ‘machine’
png-Latn	<ee>	eeboo, ree
srr-Arab	<ا◌ࣹي>	اࣹيتْ ‘first’	word initial
srr-Arab	<ي◌ࣹ>	طࣹيتْ ‘mouth’
srr-Latn	<ee>	feel ‘slap’
wo-Arab	<◌ࣺي>	رࣺيرْ ‘be lost’
wo-Latn	<e◌́e>	réer ‘be lost’

/e̙/ - RTR close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ii-Latn	<ie>	ie ‘duck (bird)’	Sometimes transcribed /ɛ/.