Graphemes for /e/ and Related Phonemes

Close-mid

/e/ - close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ast-Latn	<e>	peta ‘I feel like’
bcy-Latn	<e>	peke ‘broom’
bec-Latn	<e>	izembi ‘axe’, atimbile ‘squirrel’
bec-Latn	<ie>	kie ‘share’	Non-phonemic [i] is sometimes inserted between velar stops and /e/, mostly in Ici dialect.
blt-Tavt	<ꪹ◌ꪸ>	ꪹꪢꪸꪒ ‘all’
de-Latn	<ee>	Seele ‘soul’
de-Latn	<eh>	mehr ‘more’; gehen ‘go’
de-Latn	<e>	wer ‘who’
dv-Thaa	<◌ެ>	ފެހި
es-Latn	<e>	tres ‘three’
fub-Arab	<ع◌ٜ>	عٜنْطَمْ ‘mercy’	word initial
fub-Arab	<◌ٜ>	جٜمَّ ‘night’, دٜڢْتٜرٜ ‘book’
fub-Latn	<e>	enɗam ‘mercy’, jemma ‘night’, deftere ‘book’
ha-Latn	<e>	kunne ‘ear’
ii-Latn	<i>	idix ‘shirt’
lbw-Latn	<e>	ehe ‘like’, hule ‘heart’	Edwards chose /ɛ/ as the phoneme rather than /e/.
ne-Deva	<ए>	एक ‘one’
ne-Deva	<◌े>	मेरो ‘my’
png-Latn	<e>	gebi, beree
ru-Cyrl	<е>	пень ‘stump’, отве́т ‘answer’,	When stressed, except when following those consonants that cannot be palatalized (ж, ш, щ, ц)
ru-Cyrl	<э>	э́тика ‘ethics’, э́ти ‘these’	When stressed
srr-Arab	<ا◌ࣹ>	اࣹسْ ‘my’	word initial
srr-Arab	<◌ࣹ>	ݖࣹکْ ‘chicken’
srr-Latn	<e>	fel ‘delicious’
wo-Arab	<ا◌ࣹ>	اࣹگّ ‘to arrive’	word initial
wo-Arab	<◌ࣺ>	سࣺرْ ‘skirt cloth’
wo-Latn	<e◌́>	sér ‘skirt cloth’
yba-Latn	<e>	re

/ẽ/ - nasalized close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ne-Deva	<ए◌ँ>	खाएँ ‘ate’
ne-Deva	<◌े◌ँ>	गरेँ ‘did’

/eː/ - lengthened close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<ee>	beet ‘house’
apd-Latn	<ē>	bēt ‘house’	Hillelson orthography
bcy-Latn	<ee>	gbeemtə ‘hornbill’
dv-Thaa	<◌ޭ>	އޭނާ
fub-Arab	<ع◌ٜى◌ٰ>	عٜىٰنغتُغٛ ‘to go up’	word initial
fub-Arab	<ى◌ٰ◌ٜ>	جَوْلٜىٰرُ ‘meeting room’, رٜىٰدُ ‘stomach’, بٜى ‘and, with’
fub-Latn	<ee>	eeŋgtugo ‘to go up’, jawleeru ‘meeting room’, reedu ‘stomach’, bee ‘and, with’
ha-Latn	<e>	keke ‘machine’
png-Latn	<ee>	eeboo, ree
srr-Arab	<ا◌ࣹي>	اࣹيتْ ‘first’	word initial
srr-Arab	<ي◌ࣹ>	طࣹيتْ ‘mouth’
srr-Latn	<ee>	feel ‘slap’
wo-Arab	<◌ࣺي>	رࣺيرْ ‘be lost’
wo-Latn	<e◌́e>	réer ‘be lost’

/e̙/ - RTR close-mid front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ii-Latn	<ie>	ie ‘duck (bird)’	Sometimes transcribed /ɛ/.

Mid

/e̞/ - mid front unrounded vowel

None

Open-mid

/ɛ/ - open-mid near-front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
blt-Tavt	<ꪵ>	ꪵꪕ꫁ ‘true’
de-Latn	<e>	denn ‘because’;	Before double consonants
de-Latn	<äh>	wählen ‘choose’
de-Latn	<ä>	mächtig ‘powerful’
en-Latn	<ai>	again, mountain
en-Latn	<a>	many
en-Latn	<ea>	head
en-Latn	<eo>	leopard
en-Latn	<e>	bet
en-Latn	<ie>	friend
id-Latn	<e>	enak ‘tasty’, leher ‘neck’, apel ‘date’	The sixth vowel, often accented in dictionary headwords; the six vowels are written with only 5 symbols, so the two e’s are not distinguished; pronounced [ej] in many loans from Portuguese such as meja ‘table’
nat-Latn	<e>	eje ‘big termite house’, cenge ‘country’
png-Latn	<e◌̱>	e̱she̱, ce̱be̱
wo-Arab	<◌ࣹ>	سࣹتْ ‘clean’
wo-Latn	<e>	set ‘clean’
xnz-Copt	<ⲉ>
xnz-Copt	<ⲏ>		Obsolete for /ɛː/ or /i/
xnz-Latn	<e>
yba-Latn	<ɛ>	ɛnɛ

/ɛ̃/ - nasalized open-mid near-front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<en>	aryen ‘tongue’, byenryen ‘edible bush mouse’
png-Latn	<e◌̱n>	e̱nshe̱n, hwe̱n

/ɛː/ - lengthened open-mid near-front unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<ee>	iseewo ‘trouble maker’, aweega ‘grass stringer’
png-Latn	<e◌̱e◌̱>	be̱e̱, re̱e̱
wo-Arab	<◌ࣹي>	سࣹيتْ ‘consider’
wo-Latn	<ee>	seet ‘consider’
xnz-Copt	<ⲉ◌̄>
xnz-Latn	<ee>