Graphemes for /r/ and Related Phonemes

Trills

/r/ - alveolar trill

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<r>	raajil ‘man’
ar-Arab	<ر>	صورته ‘his picture’
ast-Latn	<rr>	carru ‘cart’	Non-word-initial
ast-Latn	<r>	ramu ‘branch’	Word-initial
es-Latn	<rr>	perro ‘dog’	Non-word-initial
es-Latn	<r>	rojo ‘red’	Word-initial
fub-Arab	<ر◌ّ>	تٛرَّاغٛ ‘to trouble’
fub-Latn	<rr>	torraago ‘to trouble’
ne-Deva	<र>	राम्रो ‘good’	Pronunciation variant
yba-Latn	<r>	ori

Alveolar taps

/ɾ/ - alveolar tap

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ast-Latn	<r>	caru ‘expensive’
bcy-Latn	<r>	rame ‘chair’
de-Latn	<rr>	Herre ‘gentleman’
de-Latn	<r>	Recht ‘law’
dv-Thaa	<ރ>	ރަށް	Linguists have differing views as to whether /ɾ/ or /ɻ/is the most appropriate phonetic representation of the Raa character. Dr. Bruce Cain maintains that Raa is never a retroflex approximant, and is best described as an alveolar tap.
es-Latn	<r>	pero ‘but’
fub-Arab	<ر>	رَنٜىٰرٜ ‘white’, يٛرْندٜ ‘supplication’, ڢَجِرِ ‘morning’, عَسَرْ ‘waste’
fub-Latn	<r>	raneere ‘white’, tornde ‘supplication’, fajiri ‘morning’, asar ‘waste’
ha-Latn	<r>	rubutu ‘writing’	Distinction between /ɾ/ and /ɽ/ does not exist for all speakers.
id-Latn	<r>	urat ‘vein’, racun ‘poison’	Allophone: [r]
lbw-Latn	<r>	rano ‘pool’, kara ‘heat’
nat-Latn	<r>	riga̱ ‘sheanut tree’, a̱huri ‘flute’
ne-Deva	<र>	राम्रो ‘good’	Pronunciation variant
png-Latn	<r>	re̱e̱, ratu
ru-Cyrl	<р>	раз ‘once’	Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a consonant, or if word-final.
srr-Arab	<ر>	رَخْ ‘to chase’
srr-Latn	<r>	rax ‘to chase’
wo-Arab	<ر>	فࣹرْ ‘to gather’
wo-Latn	<r>	for ‘to gather’
xnz-Copt	<ⲣ>
xnz-Latn	<r>

/ɾʷ/ - labialized alveolar tap

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<rw>	zarwo ‘sky’, bitwarwa ‘neck’
png-Latn	<rw>	rwaga, urwiin

/ɾʲ/ - palatalized alveolar tap

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<ry>	ryego ‘guinea fowl’, ugya̱rya̱rya̱ ‘zero’
ru-Cyrl	<рь>	зверь ‘beast’
ru-Cyrl	<р>	ряд ‘row’	Preceding ‹я, ё, е, ю, и›

/ɾː/ - geminate alveolar tap

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
wo-Arab	<ر◌ّ>	ݖُرّ ‘very (red)’
wo-Latn	<rr>	curr ‘very (red)’

Retroflex flaps

/ɽ/ - retroflex flap

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ha-Latn	<r>	riba, ‘profit’
ha-Latn	<ɍ>	ɍuwa ‘water’	Niger only; distinction between /ɾ/ and /ɽ/ does not exist for all speakers.
ne-Deva	<ण>	बाणं ‘arrow’	Sanskrit loanwords