Graphemes for /ʔ/ and Related Phonemes

Glottals

/ʔ/ - voiceless glottal stop

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<ʼ>	suʼaal ‘question’	Not written word initially
ar-Arab	<ء>	أنباء ‘news’	no preceding vowel
ar-Arab	<أ>	أنباء ‘news’	word initial: following vowel is either fatha or damma; word final: preceding vowel is fatha
ar-Arab	<ؤ>	يؤمن ‘he is made safe, one is safe’	word medial or word final: preceding vowel is damma
ar-Arab	<إ>	إبل ‘camel’	word initial: following vowel is kasra
ar-Arab	<ئ>	زائر ‘visitor’	word medial or word final: preceding vowel is kasra
bcy-Latn	<ꞌ>	ꞌwi-ꞌwi ‘painful’
blt-Tavt	<ꪀ>	ꪨꪱꪀ ‘different’	syllable final
blt-Tavt	<ꪮ>	ꪮ꫁ꪱꪥ ‘father’	low tone series (syll. init.)
blt-Tavt	<ꪯ>	ꪹꪯꪸꪣ ‘mother’	high tone series (syll. init.)
fub-Arab	<ء>	إِسْرَاءِيلَ ‘Israel’	borrowed words only, should only be used for names that are found in the Qurʼan
fub-Arab	<ع>	يِعُغٛ ‘to see’, مِيِعِ ‘I saw’, مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’
fub-Latn	<ʼ>	yiʼgo ‘to see’, mi yiʼi ‘I saw’, moʼʼere ‘grace’
ha-Latn	<ʼ>	alʼada ‘custom’
id-Latn	<'>	do'a ‘pray’, Qur'an ‘Koran’	Typically from Arabic; usually optional (e.g. doa is standard)
lbw-Latn	<'>	ra'i ‘face’, wu'ohu ‘new’	Grapheme is straight, not the curved “smart” single quote mark
nat-Latn	<'>	a'osa ‘friend’, a̱'uma̱ ‘cassava’
png-Latn	<ꞌ>	aꞌa̱, ruꞌure̱
srr-Arab	<ع>	فࣷعࣷيْ ‘blood’
srr-Latn	<ꞌ>	foꞌoy ‘blood’

/ʔʷ/ - labialized voiceless glottal stop

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<'w>	i'wabo ‘hoe’, u'wanlan ‘snail’
png-Latn	<ꞌw>	ꞌwe̱e̱, ꞌwabi

/ʔʲ/ - palatalized voiceless glottal stop

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
nat-Latn	<'y>	i'yela ‘arrow’, u'yaswo ‘cockroach’
png-Latn	<ꞌy>	ꞌyaru, ꞌyapaga

/ʔː/ - geminate voiceless glottal stop

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
fub-Arab	<ع◌ّ>	مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’