Graphemes for /ʔ/ and Related Phonemes
Glottals
Section titled “Glottals”/ʔ/ - voiceless glottal stop
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <ʼ> | suʼaal ‘question’ | Not written word initially |
| ar-Arab | <ء> | أنباء ‘news’ | no preceding vowel |
| ar-Arab | <أ> | أنباء ‘news’ | word initial: following vowel is either fatha or damma; word final: preceding vowel is fatha |
| ar-Arab | <ؤ> | يؤمن ‘he is made safe, one is safe’ | word medial or word final: preceding vowel is damma |
| ar-Arab | <إ> | إبل ‘camel’ | word initial: following vowel is kasra |
| ar-Arab | <ئ> | زائر ‘visitor’ | word medial or word final: preceding vowel is kasra |
| bcy-Latn | <ꞌ> | ꞌwi-ꞌwi ‘painful’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪀ> | ꪨꪱꪀ ‘different’ | syllable final |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪮ> | ꪮ꫁ꪱꪥ ‘father’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪯ> | ꪹꪯꪸꪣ ‘mother’ | high tone series (syll. init.) |
| fub-Arab | <ء> | إِسْرَاءِيلَ ‘Israel’ | borrowed words only, should only be used for names that are found in the Qurʼan |
| fub-Arab | <ع> | يِعُغٛ ‘to see’, مِيِعِ ‘I saw’, مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’ | |
| fub-Latn | <ʼ> | yiʼgo ‘to see’, mi yiʼi ‘I saw’, moʼʼere ‘grace’ | |
| ha-Latn | <ʼ> | alʼada ‘custom’ | |
| id-Latn | <'> | do'a ‘pray’, Qur'an ‘Koran’ | Typically from Arabic; usually optional (e.g. doa is standard) |
| lbw-Latn | <'> | ra'i ‘face’, wu'ohu ‘new’ | Grapheme is straight, not the curved “smart” single quote mark |
| nat-Latn | <'> | a'osa ‘friend’, a̱'uma̱ ‘cassava’ | |
| png-Latn | <ꞌ> | aꞌa̱, ruꞌure̱ | |
| srr-Arab | <ع> | فࣷعࣷيْ ‘blood’ | |
| srr-Latn | <ꞌ> | foꞌoy ‘blood’ |
/ʔʷ/ - labialized voiceless glottal stop
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nat-Latn | <'w> | i'wabo ‘hoe’, u'wanlan ‘snail’ | |
| png-Latn | <ꞌw> | ꞌwe̱e̱, ꞌwabi |
/ʔʲ/ - palatalized voiceless glottal stop
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nat-Latn | <'y> | i'yela ‘arrow’, u'yaswo ‘cockroach’ | |
| png-Latn | <ꞌy> | ꞌyaru, ꞌyapaga |
/ʔː/ - geminate voiceless glottal stop
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <ع◌ّ> | مٛعّٜرٜ ‘grace’ |