Graphemes for /h/ and Related Phonemes
Glottals
Section titled “Glottals”/h/ - voiceless glottal fricative
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <h> | hiduum ‘clothes’ | |
| ar-Arab | <ه> | طائرتهم ‘their aeroplane’, صورته ‘his picture’ | |
| ast-Latn | <ḥ> | ḥacer ‘to do’ | Eastern Asturian only |
| bcy-Latn | <h> | haɓye ‘water’ | |
| bec-Latn | <h> | hee ‘begin’, ɛhambɛl ‘centipede’ | Mostly used in Ici dialect. |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪬ> | ꪬꪱ ‘to seek’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪭ> | ꪭꪴ꫁ ‘to know’ | high tone series (syll. init.) |
| de-Latn | <h> | Hand ‘hand’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <ހ> | ހާދަ | |
| en-Latn | <h> | hat | |
| en-Latn | <wh> | who | |
| fub-Arab | <ح> | حَاجُغٛ ‘to envy’, يَحُغٛ ‘to go’, يَحْ! ‘go!’, مِسَاحِ ‘I gave (freely)’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ه> | هَرُونَ ‘Aaron’, إِبْرَاهِيمِ ‘Abraham’, اللَّه ‘Allah’ | only used for important names found in the Qurʼan |
| fub-Latn | <h> | haajugo ‘to envy’, yahugo ‘to go’, yah! ‘go!’, mi saahi ‘I gave (freely)’ | |
| ha-Latn | <h> | haske ‘light’ | |
| id-Latn | <h> | huruf ‘letter’ | |
| ii-Latn | <hx> | hxie ‘heart’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <h> | haka ‘root’, ahu ‘smoke’ | |
| nat-Latn | <h> | hababa ‘leaf’, ihurugu ‘dove’ | |
| png-Latn | <h> | haga, hikihiki | |
| srr-Arab | <ه> | هِيدْ ‘year’ | |
| srr-Latn | <h> | hiid ‘year’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ح> | اَحَکَيْ ‘Oh, yea!’ | |
| wo-Latn | <h> | ahakaay ‘Oh, yea!’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ϩ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <h> | ||
| yba-Latn | <h> | ihi |
/hʷ/ - labialized voiceless glottal fricative
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nat-Latn | <hw> | uhwa̱ ‘yesterday’, hwogi ‘steam’ | |
| png-Latn | <hw> | hwaa, hwe̱n |
/hʲ/ - palatalized voiceless glottal fricative
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| nat-Latn | <hy> | bihyan ‘termite’, ma̱hya̱n ‘blood’ | |
| png-Latn | <hy> | hyoo, hyuhyu |
Sequences including /h/ - voiceless glottal fricative
| Writing System | Phoneme Sequence | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Yiii | /he/ | <ꉆ> | ꉆ ‘eight’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he/ | <ꉇ> | ꀋꅔꉇ ‘yesterday’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he/ | <ꉈ> | ꉈꏭ ‘outside’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he/ | <ꉉ> | ꉉꈿ ‘chat’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he̙/ | <ꉊ> | ꀋꉊꃀ ‘formerly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he̙/ | <ꉋ> | ꉋꄅ ‘exterior’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he̙/ | <ꉌ> | ꉌꂵ ‘heart’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /he̙/ | <ꉍ> | ꉍꈄ ‘bag plaited from hemp stalks’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hä̙/ | <ꉎ> | ꉎꏯ ‘higher up’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hä̙/ | <ꉏ> | ꉏꎸꃅ ‘yawn’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hä̙/ | <ꉐ> | ꂷꉐ ‘rain’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hä̙/ | <ꉑ> | ꉑꀮ ‘bird sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho̙/ | <ꉒ> | ꃅꉒ ‘fog’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho̙/ | <ꉓ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ho̙/ | <ꉔ> | ꌳꉔ ‘capable’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho̙/ | <ꉕ> | ꉕꃴ ‘bottom half of a mountain’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho/ | <ꉖ> | ꁬꋌꉖ ‘apply medicine’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho/ | <ꉗ> | ꀋꃋꉗꋒ ‘twin daughters’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho/ | <ꉘ> | ꉘꁌ ‘mountain top’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ho/ | <ꉙ> | ꉙꏂ ‘willow’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hɤ/ | <ꉚ> | ꇁꉚ ‘wait’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hɤ/ | <ꉛ> | ꉛꐱ ‘fish net’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /hɤ/ | <ꉜ> | ꉜ ‘look at’ |
Epiglottals
Section titled “Epiglottals”/ʜ/ - voiceless epiglottal fricative
None
Pharyngeals
Section titled “Pharyngeals”/ħ/ - voiceless pharyngeal fricative
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <H> | Humaar ‘donkey’ | Persson orthography |
| apd-Latn | <ḥ> | ḥumaar ‘donkey’ | Hillelson orthography |
| ar-Arab | <ح> | احتجاج ‘protest’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ސިއްޙަތު | Only in words of foreign origin. Occurs before ‹ޙ› to indicate a geminate. |
| dv-Thaa | <ޙ> | ޙާލު | A letter devised to transliterate Arabic ‹ح›. Occurs only in words of foreign origin and is often pronounced simply as /h/. |