Grapheme Data for /b/ and Related Phonemes
Bilabials
Section titled “Bilabials”/b/ - voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| apd-Latn | <b> | baab ‘door’ | |
| ar-Arab | <ب> | مكتبه ‘his office’ | |
| ast-Latn | <b> | bobu ‘fool’ | Sound is often close to /β/ |
| ast-Latn | <v> | viaxar ‘to travel’ | |
| bcy-Latn | <b> | baltə ‘plait’ | |
| bec-Latn | <b> | bem ‘slow’, obe ‘law’, cɛb ‘true’ | |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪚ> | ꪚꪲꪙ ‘to fly’ | low tone series (syll. init.) |
| blt-Tavt | <ꪛ> | ꪛꪱꪥ ꪵꪮꪚ ‘lesson’ | high tone series (syll. init.) |
| de-Latn | <bb> | Ebbe ‘ebb’, abbrechen ‘abort’ | |
| de-Latn | <b> | bleiben ‘stay’, Weib ‘woman’ | Pronounced [p] when syllable final |
| dv-Thaa | <ބ> | ބައި | |
| dv-Thaa | <އ◌ް> | ލައްބަ | Occurs before ‹ބ› to indicate a geminate. |
| en-Latn | <b> | but | |
| es-Latn | <b> | boca ‘mouth’ | Sound is often close to [β] |
| es-Latn | <v> | vivir ‘to live’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ب> | بَاوْطٜ ‘authority’, دؚمْبَاغٛ ‘to shake’, شُبْ ‘early’, نجَابٜ! ‘answer! (pl)’ | |
| fub-Latn | <b> | baawɗe ‘authority’, dimbaago ‘to shake’, cub ‘early’, njaabe! ‘answer! (pl)’ | |
| ha-Latn | <b> | baki ‘mouth’ | |
| id-Latn | <b> | bubur ‘porridge’ | |
| ii-Latn | <bb> | bba ‘bring’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <b> | baka ‘molar’, bibi ‘lip’ | Edwards chose the voiced {em:implosive} stop as the phoneme rather than the voiced plosive. |
| nat-Latn | <b> | bisina̱ ‘chest’, bita ‘shoot’ | |
| ne-Deva | <ब> | बाघ ‘tiger’ | |
| png-Latn | <b> | ba̱ba, basana | |
| ru-Cyrl | <б> | бок ‘side’ | Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a voiced consonant |
| ru-Cyrl | <п> | апде́йт ‘update’ | Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
| srr-Arab | <ب> | بࣷوبْ ‘straw’ | |
| srr-Latn | <b> | boob ‘straw’ | |
| wo-Arab | <ب> | بࣹنَّ ‘one’ | |
| wo-Latn | <b> | benna ‘one’ | |
| xnz-Copt | <ⲃ> | ||
| xnz-Latn | <b> | ||
| yba-Latn | <b> | aba |
/bʰ/ - aspirated voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ne-Deva | <भ> | सम्भब ‘possible’ |
/bʷ/ - labialized voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bec-Latn | <bw> | bwap ‘broad’, ɛbwal ‘baggy’ | |
| nat-Latn | <bw> | a̱bwiisa̱ ‘squirrel’, bwa ‘child’ | |
| png-Latn | <bw> | bwe̱, bware̱ |
/bʲ/ - palatalized voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <by> | byele ‘talking’ | |
| nat-Latn | <by> | byatwo ‘medicine’, manobye ‘oil’ | |
| png-Latn | <by> | bya, byaga | |
| ru-Cyrl | <бь> | бью ‘beat’ | Preceding a vowel or a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›) |
| ru-Cyrl | <б> | бе́лый ‘white’ | Preceding either ‹я, ё, е, ю, и› |
/ᵐb/ - prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <mb> | mbaga ‘ram’ | |
| bec-Latn | <mbw> | okumbwe ‘storm’ | Labialised in environment u_e |
| bec-Latn | <mb> | mbɛla ‘heap up’, itimbe ‘house’, ɛvamb ‘antelope’ | |
| dv-Thaa | <ނބ> | އަނބު | In older orthography not distinguished from a bilabial voiced stop and thus written ‹ބ›. |
| fub-Arab | <نب> | مبَرُغٛ ‘to kill’, ڢٛمبِنَ ‘south’ | |
| fub-Latn | <mb> | mbarugo ‘to kill’, fombina ‘south’ | |
| ii-Latn | <nb> | nbie ‘resist’ | |
| lbw-Latn | <mb> | mbule ‘return’, omba ‘four’ | |
| png-Latn | <mb> | mba̱sa̱ra̱, zumba̱ | |
| srr-Arab | <مب> | مبَالْ ‘sheep’, مبَامبِرْ ‘in front of’, خࣷمبْ ‘turtle’ | |
| srr-Latn | <mb> | mbaal ‘sheep’, mbaambir ‘in front of’, xomb ‘turtle’ | |
| wo-Arab | <مب> | مبَامْ ‘pig’ | |
| wo-Latn | <mb> | mbaam ‘pig’ |
/bⁿʷ/ - labialized prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| png-Latn | <mbw> | mbwaata, bimbwa |
/bⁿʲ/ - palatalized prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| png-Latn | <mby> | ambyau |
/bː/ - geminate voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ar-Arab | <ب◌ّ> | تنبّؤ ‘prediction’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ب◌ّ> | دَبَّاجِ | |
| wo-Arab | <ب◌ّ> | مبُبّ ‘gown, costume’ | |
| wo-Latn | <bb> | mbubb ‘gown, costume’ |
/ɓ/ - voiced bilabial implosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | <ɓ> | ɓole ‘rain’ | |
| fub-Arab | <ࢡ> | ࢡَندُ ‘body’, حَࢡْرٜ ‘fight’, ࢡِࢡّٜ ‘offspring’, حُووٛوࢡٜ ‘workers’ | |
| fub-Latn | <ɓ> | ɓandu ‘body’, haɓre ‘fight’, ɓiɓɓe ‘offspring’, huuwooɓe ‘workers’ | |
| ha-Latn | <ɓ> | ɓarawo ‘thief’ | |
| srr-Arab | <ࢠ> | ࢠَاکْ ‘baobab fruit’, ݝࣷوبْ ‘narrow’ | |
| srr-Latn | <ɓ> | ɓaak ‘baobab fruit’, ŋoob ‘narrow’ |
/ɓː/ - geminate voiced bilabial implosive
| Writing System | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| fub-Arab | <ࢡ◌ّ> | بِٔبّٜٔ |
/bʱ/ - breathy voiced bilabial plosive
None
Double articulations involving /b/ - voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Phoneme | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bcy-Latn | /g͡b/ | <gb> | gbel ‘near’ | |
| bec-Latn | /g͡b/ | <gb> | gbeli ‘clear’, ogbologbo ‘dragonfly’ | |
| bec-Latn | /ᵑg͡b/ | <mgb> | mgbʉwa ‘crash’, kpʉmgbɛlɛ ‘approach’ | |
| png-Latn | /g͡b/ | <gb> | gbangara, gbu |
Sequences including /b/ - voiced bilabial plosive
| Writing System | Phoneme Sequence | Grapheme | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ii-Yiii | /be/ | <ꁖ> | ꁖꐎ ‘chestnut’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /be/ | <ꁗ> | ꁗꏒ ‘scatter’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /be/ | <ꁘ> | ꋍꁘꋍꁘꃅ ‘step by step’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /be/ | <ꁙ> | ꃮꐔꁙ ‘a pile of pig feces’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /be̙/ | <ꁚ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /be̙/ | <ꁛ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /be̙/ | <ꁜ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /be̙/ | <ꁝ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /bä̙/ | <ꁞ> | ꁞꆔꀕ ‘tender’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bä̙/ | <ꁟ> | ꀟꑻ ‘sleek’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bä̙/ | <ꁠ> | ꁠꐤ ‘tube’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bä̙/ | <ꁡ> | ꁡꇤ ‘village’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo̙/ | <ꁢ> | ꁢꊧ ‘purpose’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo̙/ | <ꁣ> | ꁣꀕꃅ ‘clearly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo̙/ | <ꁤ> | ꁤꇅ ‘bright’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo/ | <ꁥ> | ꊿꁥ ‘a group of people’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo/ | <ꁦ> | ꁦꋠ ‘man’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo/ | <ꁧ> | ꁧ ‘mountain’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bo/ | <ꁨ> | ꁨ ‘own’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɤ/ | <ꁩ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /bɤ/ | <ꁪ> | ꀊꁪ ‘oh!’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɤ/ | <ꁫ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ̙/ | <ꁬ> | ꁬꃷ ‘ant’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ/ | <ꁭ> | ꁭꑌ ‘yak’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ/ | <ꁮ> | ꁮꏂ ‘snake’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ/ | <ꁯ> | ꁯꄸꃬꑇ ‘centipede’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ̙/ | <ꁰ> | ꁰꇨ ‘hard’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bʉ̙/ | <ꁱ> | ꁱꐭ ‘speak’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɨ̙/ | <ꁲ> | ꁲ ‘afterbirth’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɨ/ | <ꁳ> | ꉢꁳ ‘give to me’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɨ/ | <ꁴ> | ꁴꇖ ‘tight’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /bɨ/ | <ꁵ> | ꁵ ‘give’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe/ | <ꁶ> | ꁶ ‘leech’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe/ | <ꁷ> | ꁷꎸ ‘portion out’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe/ | <ꁸ> | ꁸꑌꑣꑌ ‘fairly’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe/ | <ꁹ> | ꁹ ‘be a guest’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe̙/ | <ꁺ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe̙/ | <ꁻ> | ꉹꁻ ‘shoot an arrow’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbe̙/ | <ꁼ> | ꄰꁼꏿ ‘decisive’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbä̙/ | <ꁽ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbä̙/ | <ꁾ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbä̙/ | <ꁿ> | ꁿ ‘cover’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbä̙/ | <ꂀ> | ꁡꑍꅉ ‘pitiful’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbo/ | <ꂁ> | ꂁ ‘hide’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbo/ | <ꂂ> | ꃼꂂ ‘skillful’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbo/ | <ꂃ> | ꂃ ‘skirt’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbo/ | <ꂄ> | ꂄ ‘good’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ̙/ | <ꂅ> | ꉌꂵꂅ ‘be uncomfortable’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ/ | <ꂆ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ/ | <ꂇ> | ꃬꀮꂇ ‘a rooster crows’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ/ | <ꂈ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ̙/ | <ꂉ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbʉ̙/ | <ꂊ> | ꂊ ‘full’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ̙/ | <ꂋ> | ꂋ ‘overflow’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ/ | <ꂌ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ/ | <ꂍ> | ꀨꂍ ‘tree sp.’ | |
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ/ | <ꂎ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ̙/ | <ꂏ> | ||
| ii-Yiii | /ᵐbɨ̙/ | <ꂐ> | ꂐ ‘peel’ |
Labiodentals
Section titled “Labiodentals”None