Grapheme Data for /b/ and Related Phonemes

Bilabials

/b/ - voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
apd-Latn	<b>	baab ‘door’
ar-Arab	<ب>	مكتبه ‘his office’
ast-Latn	<b>	bobu ‘fool’	Sound is often close to /β/
ast-Latn	<v>	viaxar ‘to travel’
bcy-Latn	<b>	baltə ‘plait’
bec-Latn	<b>	bem ‘slow’, obe ‘law’, cɛb ‘true’
blt-Tavt	<ꪚ>	ꪚꪲꪙ ‘to fly’	low tone series (syll. init.)
blt-Tavt	<ꪛ>	ꪛꪱꪥ ꪵꪮꪚ ‘lesson’	high tone series (syll. init.)
de-Latn	<bb>	Ebbe ‘ebb’, abbrechen ‘abort’
de-Latn	<b>	bleiben ‘stay’, Weib ‘woman’	Pronounced [p] when syllable final
dv-Thaa	<ބ>	ބައި
dv-Thaa	<އ◌ް>	ލައްބަ	Occurs before ‹ބ› to indicate a geminate.
en-Latn	<b>	but
es-Latn	<b>	boca ‘mouth’	Sound is often close to [β]
es-Latn	<v>	vivir ‘to live’
fub-Arab	<ب>	بَاوْطٜ ‘authority’, دؚمْبَاغٛ ‘to shake’, شُبْ ‘early’, نجَابٜ! ‘answer! (pl)’
fub-Latn	<b>	baawɗe ‘authority’, dimbaago ‘to shake’, cub ‘early’, njaabe! ‘answer! (pl)’
ha-Latn	<b>	baki ‘mouth’
id-Latn	<b>	bubur ‘porridge’
ii-Latn	<bb>	bba ‘bring’
lbw-Latn	<b>	baka ‘molar’, bibi ‘lip’	Edwards chose the voiced {em:implosive} stop as the phoneme rather than the voiced plosive.
nat-Latn	<b>	bisina̱ ‘chest’, bita ‘shoot’
ne-Deva	<ब>	बाघ ‘tiger’
png-Latn	<b>	ba̱ba, basana
ru-Cyrl	<б>	бок ‘side’	Preceding either ‹а, о, э, у, ы› or a voiced consonant
ru-Cyrl	<п>	апде́йт ‘update’	Preceding a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›)
srr-Arab	<ب>	بࣷوبْ ‘straw’
srr-Latn	<b>	boob ‘straw’
wo-Arab	<ب>	بࣹنَّ ‘one’
wo-Latn	<b>	benna ‘one’
xnz-Copt	<ⲃ>
xnz-Latn	<b>
yba-Latn	<b>	aba

/bʰ/ - aspirated voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ne-Deva	<भ>	सम्भब ‘possible’

/bʷ/ - labialized voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bec-Latn	<bw>	bwap ‘broad’, ɛbwal ‘baggy’
nat-Latn	<bw>	a̱bwiisa̱ ‘squirrel’, bwa ‘child’
png-Latn	<bw>	bwe̱, bware̱

/bʲ/ - palatalized voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<by>	byele ‘talking’
nat-Latn	<by>	byatwo ‘medicine’, manobye ‘oil’
png-Latn	<by>	bya, byaga
ru-Cyrl	<бь>	бью ‘beat’	Preceding a vowel or a voiced consonant (except for ‹л, м, н, р, в›)
ru-Cyrl	<б>	бе́лый ‘white’	Preceding either ‹я, ё, е, ю, и›

/ᵐb/ - prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<mb>	mbaga ‘ram’
bec-Latn	<mbw>	okumbwe ‘storm’	Labialised in environment u_e
bec-Latn	<mb>	mbɛla ‘heap up’, itimbe ‘house’, ɛvamb ‘antelope’
dv-Thaa	<ނބ>	އަނބު	In older orthography not distinguished from a bilabial voiced stop and thus written ‹ބ›.
fub-Arab	<نب>	مبَرُغٛ ‘to kill’, ڢٛمبِنَ ‘south’
fub-Latn	<mb>	mbarugo ‘to kill’, fombina ‘south’
ii-Latn	<nb>	nbie ‘resist’
lbw-Latn	<mb>	mbule ‘return’, omba ‘four’
png-Latn	<mb>	mba̱sa̱ra̱, zumba̱
srr-Arab	<مب>	مبَالْ ‘sheep’, مبَامبِرْ ‘in front of’, خࣷمبْ ‘turtle’
srr-Latn	<mb>	mbaal ‘sheep’, mbaambir ‘in front of’, xomb ‘turtle’
wo-Arab	<مب>	مبَامْ ‘pig’
wo-Latn	<mb>	mbaam ‘pig’

/bⁿʷ/ - labialized prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
png-Latn	<mbw>	mbwaata, bimbwa

/bⁿʲ/ - palatalized prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
png-Latn	<mby>	ambyau

/bː/ - geminate voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ar-Arab	<ب◌ّ>	تنبّؤ ‘prediction’
fub-Arab	<ب◌ّ>	دَبَّاجِ
wo-Arab	<ب◌ّ>	مبُبّ ‘gown, costume’
wo-Latn	<bb>	mbubb ‘gown, costume’

/ɓ/ - voiced bilabial implosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	<ɓ>	ɓole ‘rain’
fub-Arab	<ࢡ>	ࢡَندُ ‘body’, حَࢡْرٜ ‘fight’, ࢡِࢡّٜ ‘offspring’, حُووٛوࢡٜ ‘workers’
fub-Latn	<ɓ>	ɓandu ‘body’, haɓre ‘fight’, ɓiɓɓe ‘offspring’, huuwooɓe ‘workers’
ha-Latn	<ɓ>	ɓarawo ‘thief’
srr-Arab	<ࢠ>	ࢠَاکْ ‘baobab fruit’, ݝࣷوبْ ‘narrow’
srr-Latn	<ɓ>	ɓaak ‘baobab fruit’, ŋoob ‘narrow’

/ɓː/ - geminate voiced bilabial implosive

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
fub-Arab	<ࢡ◌ّ>	بِٔبّٜٔ

/bʱ/ - breathy voiced bilabial plosive

None

Double articulations involving /b/ - voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Phoneme	Grapheme	Example	Notes
bcy-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbel ‘near’
bec-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbeli ‘clear’, ogbologbo ‘dragonfly’
bec-Latn	/ᵑg͡b/	<mgb>	mgbʉwa ‘crash’, kpʉmgbɛlɛ ‘approach’
png-Latn	/g͡b/	<gb>	gbangara, gbu

Sequences including /b/ - voiced bilabial plosive

Writing System	Phoneme Sequence	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ii-Yiii	/be/	<ꁖ>	ꁖꐎ ‘chestnut’
ii-Yiii	/be/	<ꁗ>	ꁗꏒ ‘scatter’
ii-Yiii	/be/	<ꁘ>	ꋍꁘꋍꁘꃅ ‘step by step’
ii-Yiii	/be/	<ꁙ>	ꃮꐔꁙ ‘a pile of pig feces’
ii-Yiii	/be̙/	<ꁚ>
ii-Yiii	/be̙/	<ꁛ>
ii-Yiii	/be̙/	<ꁜ>
ii-Yiii	/be̙/	<ꁝ>
ii-Yiii	/bä̙/	<ꁞ>	ꁞꆔꀕ ‘tender’
ii-Yiii	/bä̙/	<ꁟ>	ꀟꑻ ‘sleek’
ii-Yiii	/bä̙/	<ꁠ>	ꁠꐤ ‘tube’
ii-Yiii	/bä̙/	<ꁡ>	ꁡꇤ ‘village’
ii-Yiii	/bo̙/	<ꁢ>	ꁢꊧ ‘purpose’
ii-Yiii	/bo̙/	<ꁣ>	ꁣꀕꃅ ‘clearly’
ii-Yiii	/bo̙/	<ꁤ>	ꁤꇅ ‘bright’
ii-Yiii	/bo/	<ꁥ>	ꊿꁥ ‘a group of people’
ii-Yiii	/bo/	<ꁦ>	ꁦꋠ ‘man’
ii-Yiii	/bo/	<ꁧ>	ꁧ ‘mountain’
ii-Yiii	/bo/	<ꁨ>	ꁨ ‘own’
ii-Yiii	/bɤ/	<ꁩ>
ii-Yiii	/bɤ/	<ꁪ>	ꀊꁪ ‘oh!’
ii-Yiii	/bɤ/	<ꁫ>
ii-Yiii	/bʉ̙/	<ꁬ>	ꁬꃷ ‘ant’
ii-Yiii	/bʉ/	<ꁭ>	ꁭꑌ ‘yak’
ii-Yiii	/bʉ/	<ꁮ>	ꁮꏂ ‘snake’
ii-Yiii	/bʉ/	<ꁯ>	ꁯꄸꃬꑇ ‘centipede’
ii-Yiii	/bʉ̙/	<ꁰ>	ꁰꇨ ‘hard’
ii-Yiii	/bʉ̙/	<ꁱ>	ꁱꐭ ‘speak’
ii-Yiii	/bɨ̙/	<ꁲ>	ꁲ ‘afterbirth’
ii-Yiii	/bɨ/	<ꁳ>	ꉢꁳ ‘give to me’
ii-Yiii	/bɨ/	<ꁴ>	ꁴꇖ ‘tight’
ii-Yiii	/bɨ/	<ꁵ>	ꁵ ‘give’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe/	<ꁶ>	ꁶ ‘leech’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe/	<ꁷ>	ꁷꎸ ‘portion out’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe/	<ꁸ>	ꁸꑌꑣꑌ ‘fairly’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe/	<ꁹ>	ꁹ ‘be a guest’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe̙/	<ꁺ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe̙/	<ꁻ>	ꉹꁻ ‘shoot an arrow’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbe̙/	<ꁼ>	ꄰꁼꏿ ‘decisive’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbä̙/	<ꁽ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbä̙/	<ꁾ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbä̙/	<ꁿ>	ꁿ ‘cover’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbä̙/	<ꂀ>	ꁡꑍꅉ ‘pitiful’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbo/	<ꂁ>	ꂁ ‘hide’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbo/	<ꂂ>	ꃼꂂ ‘skillful’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbo/	<ꂃ>	ꂃ ‘skirt’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbo/	<ꂄ>	ꂄ ‘good’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ̙/	<ꂅ>	ꉌꂵꂅ ‘be uncomfortable’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ/	<ꂆ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ/	<ꂇ>	ꃬꀮꂇ ‘a rooster crows’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ/	<ꂈ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ̙/	<ꂉ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbʉ̙/	<ꂊ>	ꂊ ‘full’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ̙/	<ꂋ>	ꂋ ‘overflow’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ/	<ꂌ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ/	<ꂍ>	ꀨꂍ ‘tree sp.’
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ/	<ꂎ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ̙/	<ꂏ>
ii-Yiii	/ᵐbɨ̙/	<ꂐ>	ꂐ ‘peel’

Labiodentals

None