Graphemes for /ʌ/ and Related Phonemes

Open-mid

/ʌ/ - open-mid back unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
en-Latn	<ou>	country, rough
en-Latn	<o>	love, ton
en-Latn	<u>	fun
wo-Arab	<ا◌َ>	اَ	word initial,dual verb connector
wo-Arab	<◌َ>	خَرْ ‘worth’
wo-Latn	<a>	jar ‘worth’

/ʌː/ - lengthened open-mid back unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
wo-Arab	<آ>	آجࣷوࣷو ‘(to) depend (on)’	word initial
wo-Arab	<◌َا>	خَارْ ‘to pass’
wo-Latn	<aa>	jaar ‘to pass’

Mid

/ɤ̞/ - mid back unrounded vowel

None

Close-mid

/ɤ/ - close-mid back unrounded vowel

Writing System	Grapheme	Example	Notes
ii-Latn	<e>	gge ‘listen’	Often transcribed /ɯ/. The sound is similar to the Mandarin vowel transcribed [ɤ], hence the use of grapheme ‹e›, in parallel with Hanyu Pinyin.