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Writing Systems Technical Resources

Unicode Status for Mongolian

In The Unicode Standard, Mongolian script implementation is discussed in Chapter 13 South and Central Asia-II: Other Modern Scripts and in UTN 57: Encoding and Shaping of the Mongolian Script.

The Mongolian script was encoded in The Unicode Standard version 3.0 and unifies Mongolian and the three derivative scripts Todo, Manchu, and Sibe. Each of the three derivative scripts shares some common letters with Mongolian, and these letters are encoded only once. Each derivative script also has a number of modified letter forms or new letters, which are encoded separately. The script is encoded in the following block:

BlocksCharacter RangeAdded in Unicode VersionUnicode Chart
Mongolian1800..18AF3.0U1800.pdf
Mongolian Supplement11660..1167F9.0U11660.pdf

Subsequent to version 3.0, the following characters have been added to the Mongolian script:

CharactersUnicode VersionDocumentation
187811.0
18AA5.1n3041.pdf/L2/06-013
11660..1166C9.0L2/14-259 (background documents: WG2 N4542 / L2/14-067, WG2 N4547 / L2/14-081, WG2 N4632 / L2/14-240)

Documentation refers to ISO Working Group and Unicode proposals

A number of proposals for its inclusion have been submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee and WG2:

  • 1993-01-13 Unicode Technical Report #2 - Mongolian — Joe Becker (TR2.html)

  • 1998-02-15 Mongolian encoding update — WG2 (WG2 N1711 (not online), L2/98-088 (not online))

  • 1998-03-20 Comments on the Mongolian Encoding Proposal, WG2 N1711 — Ken Whistler (WG2 N1734, L2/98-104 (not online))

  • 1998-04-30 Reply to “Proposal WG2 N1734” Raised at the Seattle Meeting Regarding Proposal WG2 N1711 — China N.B. (WG2 N1808, WG2 N1808.doc, WG2 N1808w97.doc)

  • 1998-08-31 Feedback on Ken Whistler’s comments (N1734) on Mongolian — Richard Moore (WG2 N1833.doc, WG2 N1833rm.doc, WG2 N1833rmw97.doc)

  • 1999-02-12 Summary of Voting on SC 2 N 3208, Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 29: Mongolian — Irish comments (WG2 N1972, L2/99-075)

  • 1999-12-09 Final text for ISO/IEC 10646-1, Amd.#29 – Mongolian — ITTF (L2/99-381)

  • 2003-02-13 Use of ZWJ/ZWNJ with Mongolian Variant Selectors and Vowel Separator — Paul Nelson, Asmus Freytag (L2/03-065)

  • 2003-02-27 Error Report on Mongolian Vowel Separator — Tim Partridge (L2/03-073)

  • 2005-08-05 Proposal on Encoding Three Todo Mongolian Punctuation Marks in the BMP of ISO/IEC 10646 — China, Mongolia (WG2 N2963, L2/05-218)

  • 2005-12-05 Proposal to change the script property for three Mongolian punctuation marks — Eric Muller (L2/05-378)

  • 2006-02-13 Proposal to encode one Manchu ali gali letter — Andrew C West (WG2 N3041, L2/06-013)

  • 2006-03-27 Supporting references for WG2 N3041, Manchu Ali Gali — China N.B. (WG2 N3092, L2/06-285)

  • 2010-07-06 A Survey on Rendering Traditional Mongolian Script — Biligsaikhan Batjargal, Fuminori Kimura, Akira Maeda (L2/10-279)

  • 2011-10-19 Proposal to assign the Extender property to U+180A MONGOLIAN NIRUGU — Laurentiu Iancu (L2/11-401)

  • 2012-06-01 Proposal to Add Mongolian Letters to ArabicShaping.txt — Behdad Esfahbod (L2/12-202)

  • 2012-10-25 Mongolian Vowel Separator — Behdad Esfahbod (L2/12-338)

  • 2012-11-05 Mongolian and ‘Phags-Pa Shaping — Behdad Esfahbod, Roozbeh Pournader (L2/12-360)

  • 2012-12-20 Proposal to change General Category of MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR from Zs to Cf — Behdad Esfahbod (L2/13-004)

  • 2013-05-27 Presentation of vertical scripts — WG2 Project Editor (WG2 N4435, L2/13-146)

  • 2014-01-17 Encoding Mongolian head letters — Aaron Bell, Greg Eck, Andrew Glass, Andrew West (L2/14-030)

  • 2014-01-27 Proposal to update the code charts for Mongolian — Aaron Bell, Greg Eck, Andrew Glass (L2/14-031)

  • 2014-02-06 Proposal to encode five Mongolian head marks — Aaron Bell, Greg Eck, Andrew Glass, Andrew West (WG2 N4542, L2/14-067)

  • 2014-02-19 Comments on N4542 Five Mongolian Head Marks — China N.B. (WG2 N4547, L2/14-081)

  • 2014-09-23 A Letter to the Authors of N4542 (5 Birgas in Mongolian Block) — China NB (WG2 N4632, L2/14-240)

  • 2014-10-21 WG2 Consent Docket — Ken Whistler, Deborah Anderson (L2/14-259)

  • 2015-07-29 U+202F NNBSP Impact on Mongolian Options — Richard Ishida (L2/15-212)

  • 2015-08-27 Draft Mongolian variation selectors — Michel Suignard (L2/15-304)

  • 2016-01-24 Mongolian Base Forms, Positional Forms, & Variant Forms — Greg Eck (L2/16-051)

    • UTC #147 Minutes (L2/16-121) (See B.14.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2016-01-26 Mongolian discussion documents — Greg Eck (L2/16-041)

    • UTC #146 Minutes (L2/16-004) (See C.13 for decision and action items)

  • 2016-09-19 Mongolian Base Forms, Positional Forms, & Variant Forms — Greg Eck (L2/16-258)

  • 2016-09-20 WG2 #65 Mongolian Discussion Points — Greg Eck, et al (WG2 N4753, L2/16-259)

  • 2016-09-22 Modifications to Mongolian Encoding in UCS — China, Mongolia N.B. (WG2 N4757, L2/16-261)

  • 2016-09-24 Comments on Mongolian, Small Khitan, and other WG2 #65 documents — Deborah Anderson, et al (L2/16-266)

  • 2016-10-26 Proposed additions for Mongolian in 5th edition of UCS — Chen Zhuang (L2/16-309)

    • Recommendations to UTC #149 November 2016 on Script Proposals (L2/16-342) (See point 11b.)

    • UTC #149 Minutes (L2/16-325) (See C.5.6 for decision and action items)

  • 2016-10-29 Mongolian ad hoc report — Deborah Anderson (WG2 N4769, L2/16-297)

  • 2016-10-30 Comments on the Mongolian block — Weizhe Zheng (L2/16-292)

    • Recommendations to UTC #149 November 2016 on Script Proposals (L2/16-342) (See point 11a.)

    • UTC #149 Minutes (L2/16-325) (See C.5.4 for decision and action items)

  • 2016-11-03 Preliminary proposal to encode four letters in Todo and Manchu Ali Gali — Weizhe Zheng (L2/16-331)

  • 2016-11-07 Preliminary comments on L2/16-309 — Weizhe Zheng (L2/16-377)

    • Recommendations to UTC #150 January 2017 on Script Proposals (L2/17-037) (See point 12.c.)

  • 2017-01-13 Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian — Andrew West, Amgalan Zhamsoev, Viacheslav Zaytsev (WG2 N4781, L2/17-007)

    • UTC #150 Minutes (L2/17-016) (See C.5.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2017-01-16 Proposal to encode one Manchu format character — Xudong Ma, Shuo Wang, Biao Jin, Jun Wang (L2/17-008)

  • 2017-01-16 Proposal to encode one Manchu letter — Xudong Ma, Shuo Wang, Biao Jin, Jun Wang (L2/17-009)

  • 2017-01-20 Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F) — Greg Eck, et al (L2/17-036)

    • Recommendations to UTC #150 January 2017 on Script Proposals (L2/17-037) (See point 12.a.)

    • UTC #150 Minutes (L2/17-016) (See C.5.5 for decision and action items)

  • 2017-01-25 Modify Standardizedvariants.txt file in the Mongolian Block U+1800 – U+18AA — Greg Eck, et al (L2/17-035)

    • Recommendations to UTC #150 January 2017 on Script Proposals (L2/17-037) (See point 12.b.)

    • UTC #150 Minutes (L2/17-016) (See C.5.4 for decision and action items)

  • 2017-01-25 Comments on L2/17-036 Mongolian Suffix Connector — Liang Hai (L2/17-052)

  • 2017-03-03 Proposal to Encode One Sibe Letter and One Mongolian Format Control, and Add Ten Variants to Three Mongolian Letters — Xudong Ma, Shuo Wang, Biao Jin, Jun Wang (L2/17-063)

  • 2017-03-03 Proposal to Change Glyphs of Mongolian Letter Manchu Ka — Xudong Ma, Shuo Wang, Biao Jin, Jun Wang (L2/17-064)

  • 2017-03-03 Proposal to Correct the Descriptions of Mongolian Letter Manchu Ka and Manchu Vowel Harmony — Xudong Ma, Shuo Wang, Biao Jin, Jun Wang (L2/17-065)

  • 2017-04-15 Mongolian Base Forms, Positional Forms, & Variant Forms — Greg Eck (L2/17-124)

  • 2017-04-26 Comments on L2/17-036 (MONGOLIAN SUFFIX CONNECTOR) by Liang Hai — Greg Eck (L2/17-123)

  • 2017-04-27 Glyph corrections for 11 Ali Gali final forms — Weizhe Zheng, Yihua Wang (L2/17-115)

  • 2017-04-30 Modify Standardizedvariants.txt file in the Mongolian/Todo Block U+1800 - U+185C Phase II (revised) — Munkhdelger Dorji, Greg Eck, Badral Sanlig (L2/17-128)

    • Recommendations to UTC #151 May 2017 on Script Proposals (L2/17-153) (See point 14.)

  • 2017-05-12 A minimum set of glyph corrections needed for the 10.0 beta Mongolian code chart — Liang Hai (L2/17-170)

    • UTC #151 Minutes (L2/17-103) (See C.5.8 for decision and action items)

  • 2017-07-21 Script Ad Hoc report and recommendations on Mongolian — Ken Whistler, Peter Constable, Roozbeh Pournader, Liang Hai, Shen
    Yilei, Zheng Weizhe, Richard Ishida, Debbie Anderson (L2/17-243)

  • 2017-07-27 Draft of Mongolian Shaping Rules — Chen Zhuang (L2/17-251)

  • 2017-08-09 Script Ad Hoc Group Recommendations on Mongolian Text Model — Ken Whistler、Peter Constable、Roozbeh Pournader、Greg Eck、梁海、Andrew Glass、Lisa Moore、Debbie Anderson (L2/17-328)

  • 2017-08-31 A graphetic model for the Mongolian encoding — Script Ad-Hoc (L2/17-335)

  • 2017-09-18 A mixed encoding scheme for the Mongolian block — Weizhe Zheng, et al (L2/17-333)

  • 2017-09-18 On migration issues of the graphetic model — Script Ad-Hoc (L2/17-334)

  • 2017-09-21Positional mismatches in Mongolian encoding — Yilei Shen (L2/17-332)

  • 2017-09-23 Current problems in the Mongolian encoding — Liang Hai (L2/18-106)

  • 2017-09-24 Considerations on Mongolian Code Chart — Michel Suignard (WG2 N4900, L2/17-368)

    • UTC #153 Minutes (L2/17-362) (See C.4 for decision and action items)

  • 2017-09-29 Mongolian Ad Hoc Report (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) — Deborah Anderson (WG2 N4893, L2/17-347)

  • 2018-03-23 Revised Proposal for minimizing the current phonetic code [Mongolian] — Meng he ji ya (L2/18-103)

  • 2018-03-23 A contrastive study on Phonetic code program and Graphic code program [Mongolian] — Liang Jinbao (L2/18-104)

  • 2018-04-03 An improved graphetic model for the Mongolian encoding — Liang Hai (L2/18-102)

  • 2018-04-05 Summary of suggestions and proposals for improvements to the Mongolian phonetic model — Roozbeh Pournader (L2/18-107)

    • Recommendations to UTC #155 April-May 2018 on Script Proposals (L2/18-168) (See point 15.)

    • UTC #155 Minutes (L2/18-115) (See B.11.14.2 and C.11.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2018-04-07 Mongolian Working Group Meeting 2 Report — Lisa Moore (L2/18-108)

    • UTC #155 Minutes (L2/18-115) (See C.11.2 for decision and action items)

  • 2018-04-09 Mongolian Script in Unicode (slide presentation / agenda) — Enkhdalai Baatar (L2/18-105)

  • 2018-04-09 The Proposal for deprecation of MSC/NNBSP Mongolian Suffix Form Controlling Behavior — Jirimutu, et al (L2/18-099)

  • 2018-04-09 Opinions on “A graphetic approach for the Mongolian encoding model” — Jirimutu (L2/18-100)

  • 2018-04-09 Analysis of the graphetic model and improvements to the current model [Mongolian] — Badral Sanlig, Jamiyansuren Togoobat (L2/18-101)

  • 2018-07-20 China’s comments on Mongolian code charts in UCS5DAM1 — China NB (L2/18-243)

    • Recommendations to UTC #156 July 2018 on Script Proposals (L2/18-241) (See point 10a.)

    • UTC #156 Minutes (L2/18-183) (See C.11.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2018-07-25 Summary of Mongolian Ad Hoc Meeting at UTC 156, July 23 and 24, 2018 — Lisa Moore (L2/18-254)

    • UTC #156 Minutes (L2/18-183) (See B.15.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2018-09-14 Proposal to encode two Mongolian letters — Badral Sanlig, Jamiyansuren Togoobat, Munkh-Uchral Enkhtur (L2/18-294)

  • 2018-09-14 Solution for NNBSP Issues — Badral Sanlig, Munkh-Uchral Enkhtur (L2/18-293)

  • 2018-09-22 Mongolian Ad Hoc meeting summary — Deborah Anderson (L2/18-314)

    • UTC #157 Minutes (L2/18-272) (See B.15.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2018-10-14 Comments on L2/18-293 and L2/18-294 — Liang Hai (L2/18-316)

  • 2018-11-20 The Mongol script encoding - 2018, Meeting Summary — D. Badarch (L2/19-057)

  • 2019-01-17 Mongolian ad-hoc report (laboratory prototype) — Ken Whistler (L2/19-058)

  • 2019-03-28 Summary of Mongolian property updates in Unicode since MWG2 — Roozbeh Pournader (L2/19-134)

  • 2019-04-02 On Mongolian punctuation marks — Shen Yilei (L2/19-132)

    • Recommendations to UTC #159 April-May 2019 on Script Proposals (L2/19-173) (See point 14b.)

  • 2019-04-02 Demo: unbounded gender propagation to make an user-friendly OpenType Mongolian font — Shen Yilei (L2/19-137)

  • 2019-04-03 Filling the gap between orthographic patterns and shaping specs (Mongolian) — Shen Yilei (L2/19-131)

  • 2019-04-04 Towards a well-formed Mongolian specification that allows interoperable implementations — Liang Hai (L2/19-130)

    • Recommendations to UTC #159 April-May 2019 on Script Proposals (L2/19-173) (See point 14c.)

  • 2019-04-05 Summary of alternative encoding solutions to re-syllabified compound words — Liang Hai (L2/19-140)

  • 2019-04-05 Summary of proposals made during Mongolian Working Group Meeting 3 (MWG3) — Roozbeh Pournader (L2/19-141)

  • 2019-04-09 Mongolian Working Group Meeting 3 (MWG3) Report — Lisa Moore (L2/19-139)

    • Recommendations to UTC #159 April-May 2019 on Script Proposals (L2/19-173) (See point 14a.)

    • UTC #159 Minutes (L2/19-122) (See C.3.1 and B.14.1.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2019-04-22 Insufficiency of the existing description of variant selectors and variant sequences in Mongolian Unicode character table — Enkhdalai B. (L2/19-126)

  • 2019-04-22 Proposal: Modification of description of variant selectors and variant sequences — Enkhdalai B. (L2/19-127)

  • 2019-04-22 Improvement of Mongolian Unicode Block — CITA-WG (L2/19-128)

  • 2019-04-22 Refined Phonetic Model (Mongolian) — Bolorsoft / Badral S. (L2/19-129)

  • 2019-04-22 Proposal to create open source for open type tables for modern Mongolian — Andrew Glass (L2/19-135)

  • 2019-04-22 The Todo encoding and a font proposition — Mingzai (L2/19-136)

  • 2019-04-22 Some possible improvement ideas to the current Mongolian encoding — Anand Orkhonbaatar (L2/19-138)

  • 2019-04-22 General comments and suggestions on the Mongolian Working Group 3 Meeting — Mongolian Academy of Sciences (L2/19-142)

  • 2019-06-06 Preliminary proposal to encode a set of 30 Tamga symbols — Andrew West, Viacheslav Zaytsev (WG2 N5092, L2/19-216)

  • 2019-06-06 UTC Mongolian Liaison Report to SC2/WG2 — Lisa Moore (L2/19-210)

  • 2019-06-06 Proposed Draft UTR #54, Unicode Mongolian 12.1 Baseline — Ken Whistler (L2/19-211)

    • UTC #160 Minutes (L2/19-270) (See B.10.3.2 for decision and action items)

  • 2019-06-08 Comments on Mongolian in UCS6CD2 — China NB (WG2 N5073, L2/19-221)

    • UTC #160 Minutes (L2/19-270) (See C.3.2.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2019-06-17 SC2/WG2 Mongolian Ad Hoc Report — Lisa Moore (WG2 N5103, L2/19-229)

  • 2019-07-25 Preliminary analysis of L2/19-221 (WG2 N5073), China national body’s comments on Mongolian — Liang Hai (L2/19-297)

    • UTC #160 Minutes (L2/19-270) (See C.3.2.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2019-10-10 Draft technical note: Text representation and shaping specification of the Mongolian script — Liang Hai (L2/19-368)

    • UTC #161 Minutes (L2/19-323) (See B.14.4.1 for decision and action items)

  • 2019-12-10 Draft UTR #54, Unicode Mongolian 12.1 Baseline — Ken Whistler (L2/19-397)

    • UTC #162 Minutes (L2/20-015) (See B.10.19.2 for decision and action items)

  • 2020-01-23 Proposal to add Mongolian Free Variation Selector Four — Liang Hai (L2/20-057)

    • UTC #162 Minutes (L2/20-015) (See B.14.3.2 for decision and action items)

  • 2020-02-14 Preliminary proposal for encoding the Mongolian Usgiin Solution in the SMP of the UCS File No: File-2 – Chuck Namujila (MWG/4-N4)

    • Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals (L2/20-105) (See point 7a.)

  • 2020-03-09 The Simplified Mongolian Solution - Unicode – Z Team / Chuck Namujila (MWG/4-N5)

    • Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals (L2/20-105) (See point 7a.)

  • 2020-03-14 Suggestion about separately allocating code points for the “feminine and masculine characters” – Chuck Namujila (MWG/4-N6)

    • Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals (L2/20-105) (See point 7b.)

  • 2020-03-22 Proposal for a glyphic encoding for Todo – Minzai (MWG/4-N3)

    • Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals (L2/20-105) (See point 7d.)

  • 2020-03-30 A Proposal to Add Characters to Mongolian Coding – Ma Fuquan (MWG/4-N7)

    • Recommendations to UTC #163 April-May 2020 on Script Proposals (L2/20-105) (See point 7c.)

2020-04-23 Notes on Informal Meeting on Mongolian with Chuck Namujila — Deborah Anderson ([- L2/20-138

](http://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetMatchingDocs.pl?L2/20-138) - UTC #163 Minutes (L2/20-102) (See A.7 for decision and action items)

  • 2021-09-23 Proposal to encode 4 Mongolian characters in UCS — Kushim Jiang (姜兆勤) (L2/21-244)

    • Recommendations to UTC #170 January 2022 on Script Proposals (L2/22-023) (See point 10.)

    • UTC #170 Minutes (L2/22-016) (See D.1 SECTION 10 for decision and action items)

  • 2023-02-17 Comments on Public Review Issues (January 5 - April 5, 2023) — Liang Hai (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23078-pubrev.html) _ (See feedback to EDC)_

  • 2023-04-01 Text representation and shaping manual of the Mongolian script — Kushim Jiang (L2/23-101)

    • UTC #175 Minutes (L2/23-076) (See D.5 for decision and action items)

  • 2023-12-29 Proposal to Encode One Manchu Letter — CheonHyeong Sim, et al (L2/24-025)

    • Recommendations to UTC #178 January 2024 on Script Proposals (L2/24-013) (See point A.IV.8.)

    • UTC #178 Minutes (L2/24-006) (See D.1.1 Section 8 for decision and action items)

  • 2024-06-04 Feedback on the Proposal to Revise and Add Manchu Character U+1879 (L2/24-025) — China NB (L2/24-156)

    • Recommendations to UTC #180 (July 2024) on Script Proposals (L2/24-166) (See point B.27.)

  • 2024-07-01 Preliminary proposal to encode Wagindara letters for the Mongolian script — YEHENARA Jiaxu, Kushim JIANG, TUNGGIYA Uju, LIU Tupo (L2/24-242)

    • Recommendations to UTC #181 November 2024 on Script Proposals (L2/24-228) (See point 8.)

  • 2024-07-13 Proposal to refer to UTN #57 for implementing the Mongolian script — Liang Hai (L2/24-180)

    • Recommendations to UTC #180 (July 2024) on Script Proposals (L2/24-166) (See point A.IV.9.)

    • UTC #180 Minutes (L2/24-159) (See D.1 Section 9 for decision and action items)

  • 2025-01-08 Proposal to Add VS3 for Sibe Quotation Marks — CheonHyeong Sim (L2/25-028)

    • Recommendations to UTC #182 January 2025 on Script Proposals (L2/25-010) (See point 6.7.)

    • UTC #182 Minutes (L2/25-003) (See D.1 6.7 for decision and action items)

  • 2025-02-26 Proposal to Encode One Mongolian Letter — CheonHyeong Sim, Yehenara Jiaxum, Tunggiya Uju, Ziyu Su, Wang Shuo, Jalakū, Jang Johūi (L2/25-080)

    • Recommendations to UTC #182 January 2025 on Script Proposals (L2/25-010) (See point 6.2.)

    • UTC #182 Minutes (L2/25-003) (See D.1 6.2 for decision and action items)

    • Recommendations to UTC #183 April 2025 on Script Proposals (L2/25-091) (See point 1.3.)

    • UTC #183 Minutes (L2/25-085) (See D.1 1.3 for decision and action items)

  • 2025-04-23 Progress report on UTN#57: Encoding and Shaping of the Mongolian Script — Kushim Jiang (L2/25-140)